development and Cognition

Identity va role confusion

Erikson adolescent stage in which individuals explore who they are and develop a sense of self or experience uncertainty about their identity

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Erikson early childhood stage where children learn independence or feel doubt about their abilities if overly controlled

Industry vs inferiority

Erikson childhood focused on developing competence and skills or feeling inadequate compared to peers

Trust vs mistrust

Erikson Infancy stage in whichconsistent care leads to trust, while neglect leads to mistrust

Integrity vs despair

Erikson late Adulthood stage where reflection on life leads to satisfaction or regret

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

Conversation

Piagets concept that quantity remainsa the same despite changesin shape and appearance

Accommodation

Poagets process of modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information

Permissive parenting

Parenting style high warmth but low in rules and discipline

Authoritative parenting

Parenting style high in warmth and structure, associated with positive development outcomes

Teratogen

a harmful substance or factor that can damage a developing embryo or fetus

Fluid intelligence

Ability to reason quickly and solve novel problems

Crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge and skills gained through experinace and eductaion

Stages of prenatal development

The germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages of development before birth

Concrete operational stage

Piagets stage (7-11) were logical thinking develops about concrete objects

Formal operation stage

Piagets stages (+12) characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking

Sensorimotor stage

Piagets first stage (birth-2) where infants learn through sensory experiences and actions

Insecure attachment

Attachment styles marked by anxiety, avoidance, or inconsistency in caregiver relationships

Secure attachment

Attachment style where infants feels safe exploring and are comforted by caregivers

Maturation

Biological growth process that produce orderly chnages in behavior

Erikson idea of identity

The development of a stable sense of self, including values, beliefs, and goals

Piaget

Psychologist known for the theory of cognitive development and stages of thinking

Kohlberg

Psychologist know for the theory of moral development

Assimilation

Piagets process of interpreting new information using existing schemas

Egocentrism

Inability to see situations from perspective other than ones own

Post Conventional Morality

Kolhbergs level where moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles

Pre Conventional Morality

Kohlbergs level where Morality focuses on social rules approval

Imprinting

Early learning process In which an animal forms attachment shortly after birth

Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when outof sight

Eriksons idea of integrity

A sense of fulfillment and acceptance of one’s life

Longitudinal study

Research method that follows the same individuals over time

Ainsworth strange situation paradigm

Procedure used to assess attachment styles based on infant reactions to separation and reunion

Eriksons basic trust

Belief that the world is predictable and caregivers are reliable

Harlows study of attachment in monkeys

Research showing that attachment is driven by comfort rather then nourishment

Newborn babies brain cell development

Rapid formation of neural connections during early life

Mri vs fmri

Mri shows brain structure; fmri shows brain activity by tracking blood flow

Semantic coding

Encoding meaning, including word meanings and concepts

Sympathetic Nervous system

Division of the automatic nervous system that prepares the body for action

The spacing effect

Learning principle that information is retained better when study sessions are spread out

Retro active interference

When new information disrupts recall of previously learned information

Naturalistic observation

Research method involving observation of behavior in natural settings

Correlational research

research method that examines relationships between variables without determining causation