HUM spring semester exam

Shifting power after 1900

Older land-based kingdoms like Ottoman, Russian, and Qing collapsed, making way for newer states to rise. Europe became a strong power due to industrialization, leading to internal tensions and alliances forming.

Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Two alliance groups formed before WWI, with Triple Alliance becoming the Central Powers (Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungarian) and Triple Entente becoming The Allies (Russia, France, Britain).

Causes of World War 1

Long-term factors included nationalism, alliances, imperialist expansion, and new militarized weapons. Short-term trigger was the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Austria-Hungary.

Total War in WWI

Involved propaganda, intense nationalism, and a global scale of conflict. Industrialized war led to high casualties, with strategies like the Schlieffen Plan failing due to outdated tactics.

Effects of WWI

Economic impacts included the Great Depression and government intervention in economies like the New Deal in the US and Five Year Plans in the Soviet Union. Politically, the Treaty of Versailles caused tensions, leading to the rise of new societies and the League of Nations.

Russian Revolution Causes

Factors like Russia's absolute monarchy, agricultural economy, and the impact of WWI led to the revolution. Important figures included Tsar Nicholas II, Lenin, and Stalin.

Freudian Psychology

Sigmund Freud's theories focused on the unconscious mind, with components like ID, Ego, and Superego. Dreams were seen as reflections of psychological desires and fears.

Modernist Literature

Modernists distrusted authority and societal norms, breaking rules in art forms like literature. Characteristics included symbolism, formalism, experimentation, and absurdity.

World War II Causes

Factors like Germany's invasion of Poland, Japan's actions, the Treaty of Versailles, and Hitler's rise to power contributed to WWII. The rise of fascism and conduct of the war with new techniques and weapons are key aspects.

Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders

Military unit that collaborated with Indian troops in Egypt.

Vichy France

Government formed in unoccupied France after Italy invaded in 1940.

Maginot Line

Defensive line separating France from Germany.

Battle of Stalingrad

Turning point on the Eastern front where Russia defeated Germany.

D-Day

Allied invasion of German-occupied France during WWII.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of six million Jews by the Nazis.

Proxy War

Conflict instigated by major powers but fought by other nations.

Domino Theory

Belief that if one Asian country turned communist, others would follow.

NATO

Alliance against Soviet influence, formed after WWII.

Warsaw Pact

Alliance of communist nations in response to NATO.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader who won the civil war against the Nationalists.

Great Leap Forward

Mao's economic plan focusing on rural industrialization.

Suez Canal Crisis

Egypt nationalized the canal, leading to tensions with Western powers.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of the Communist movement in Vietnam.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary who established a communist regime.

Decolonization

Process of colonies gaining independence from European powers.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of the Gold Coast independence movement.

Nonviolent Resistance

Gandhi and MLK Jr.'s peaceful methods of protest.

Pinochet

Chilean leader who overthrew Allende in a military coup.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader who played a key role in ending the Cold War.

Triple Alliance

Pre-WWI alliance between Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungarian Empire

Imperialist Expansion

The policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force

Schlieffen Plan

German plan to quickly defeat France then Russia in case of a two-front war

Trench Warfare

Military strategy with troops in trenches facing each other

Zimmerman Telegram

German message intercepted by the US proposing an alliance with Mexico against the US

Armenian Genocide

Mass killing of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire due to suspicions of collaboration with Russia

Total War

War involving entire populations and resources, not just military

Propaganda

Biased information to promote a particular political cause or point of view

Great Depression

Severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s

League of Nations

International organization formed after WWI to promote peace and prevent future wars

Self Determinism

The right of a nation to govern itself without external interference

Russian Revolution

Overthrow of the Russian Tsarist autocracy by the Bolsheviks in 1917

Bolsheviks

Radical communist group led by Lenin that seized power in Russia

Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin, known for his totalitarian rule

Communism

Political ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned

Cubism

Artistic movement emphasizing geometric shapes and abstract forms

Expressionism

Artistic style that distorts reality to express emotions or ideas

Surrealism

Artistic movement focused on the juxtaposition of dream-like elements

Dada

Artistic and literary movement aimed at challenging traditional art forms

Atonal Music

Music without a tonal center or key

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis, known for theories on the unconscious mind

Modernists

Individuals distrusting government and societal norms, breaking rules in art and literature

Avant Garde

Art genre breaking traditional rules and forms

Formalism

Literature independent of historical context

Kafkaesque

Nightmarishly complex or illogical quality

Magical Realism

Blending realism with supernatural elements

Blitzkrieg

Devastating tactic using quick movement and air power

Lebensraum

Living space concept, especially in Nazi ideology

Facism

Ultra-nationalism, militarism, and dictatorship

Sitzkrieg

Inaction war period, like Britain's response to Blitz

Dunkirk

Evacuation of soldiers from Dunkirk during WWII

Vichy France

Unoccupied France under German-controlled government

Operation Dunkirk

Evacuation of British and French soldiers

Blitz

Germany's repeated bombing of Great Britain

Soviet-German Non Aggression Pact

Agreement between USSR and Germany to invade Poland

Axis Powers

WWII alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan

Allies

WWII alliance including France, Britain, US, USSR, China

Battle of Stalingrad

WWII turning point in Eastern Front

D-Day

Allied invasion of France during WWII

Battle of Midway

WWII naval battle with heavy Japanese losses

Atomic Bomb

Powerful bomb used in WWII, causing industrial reconsiderations

Holocaust

Genocide of six million Jews by Nazis during WWII

Proxy War

Major power instigates war indirectly

NATO

Anticommunist alliance against Soviet influence

Warsaw Pact

Communist alliance in response to NATO

Nikita Khruschev

Russian leader promoting nuclear weapons

Korean War

Conflict between North (Soviet) and South (US) Korea