HUM spring semester exam

WORLD WAR 1 - 1914

Shifting power after 1900

What happened?

  • The older land based kingdoms (Ottoman, Russian, and Qing)   collapsed. 

  • Newer states came into power.

  • Europe was a strong power as a result of the industrial revolution, very modernized 

  • Internal tension due to competition, Italy and Germany unifications led to other countries fearing their power.

Alliances

  • The formation of two alliance groups, Triple Alliance later became the Central Powers (Germany Italy & Austro-Hungarian.) and Triple Entente later became The Allies (Russia, France, & Britain) 

Causes of World War 1

Long term

  • Nationalism

  • Alliances and tension- Germany basically saying they'll go to war with anyone who hurts their allies.

  • Imperialist expansion 

  • New militarized weapons


Short term

  • Murder of Archduke Franz Ferinad in Austria- Hungary by a Serbian nationalist group. 


Conducting of World War 1

Aspects of the war

  • It was a total war, used propaganda, art, media, and intense forms of nationalism. 

  • A global war- the whole globe was involved. 

  • Industrialized war- no one knew how to fight it, lots of casualties. 

  • Schlieffen Plan- If war broke out, Germany would attack France through Belgium and then Russia 

    • Didn’t work at all

    • Strategies were outdated, no one had fought an industrialized war before. 

    • Creation of the western front.

  • United states joined after German interruption

    • Zimmerman telegram - Germany told Mexico if they helped them in the war they would give Texas back, US interrupted and found out.

    • Germany interrupting shipping lines 

    • Overall social pressure. 

  • Amenian Genocide- Ottomans thought Armenian people were working for Russia so they were killed. 

Tactics

  • Trench warfare

    • Long trenches on the western front

    • Use of chemical gasses 

Women 

  • On the front lines- nurses, radio operators, messengers, ect

  • Off the front lines- took up men’s jobs while they were at war

Economy Effects

  • The Great Depression- Economy was in recession in the United States after stock market crashed

    • Started in US, but spread to other parts of the world quickly

  • After WW1, governments took a more active role in economics 

    • The New Deal- series of projects and economic reforms by Rosevelt used to inflate the economy. 

  • Five Year Plan- Plans given by the Soviet Union, reduced significant economic repercussions by forcing economic prosperity. 

  • War Socialism- Germany assuming complete power over economy

  • EXTREME decrease in global trade.

  • Germany tried to print more money, which only led to more inflation.

Political Effects/ Unresolved tensions 

  • Western (and soviet union) and Japan maintained control over colonies. Regained territory through conquest and treaties

    • Territorial gains- German colonies were given to Great Britain and France under the LoN

    • However, anti-imperialism resistance appeared- ex Indian National Congress & West African resistance.  

  • Treaty of Versaillies- formally ended the war but also caused Germany to lose 15% of its territory, overall causing tension in Germany. 

  • Creation of the League of Nations

  • Fall of old societies like Ottoman Empire

  • Rise of new societies like Soviet communism and Hitler. 

  • JAPAN- japan is for the most part less affected, higher rates of unemployment but because of their old systems, they held in place.

Social Effects

  • Europe, who was seen as elite, was taken down a notch because the war was essentially fought for nothing.

  • Influenza- killed lots of people and soldiers. 

  • LOTS OF DISEASES- ranged from malaria; tuberculosis; cholera. As a result of poverty from the Great Depression as well. 

  • Self determinism 

  • Fourteen points- a speech by Wilson preaching about peace, global trade, and the creation of the LoN



RUSSIAN REVOLUTION- 1917

Causes

  • Russia’s government

    • Absolute monarchy- Tsar in command

  • Russia’s economy

    • Agricultural based economy

    • Not industrialized 

    • Trans-siberian railroad. 

  • 1905 revolution

    • protesters marched to government in moscow and were killed by troops

    • Granted minimal civil rights, and a weak legislative government 

  • World War 1

    • Large excessive deaths

    • Russia was alone on the eastern front, and did not have a lot of support. 

    • Not industrialized, fighting against industrialized people.

Important People

  • Nicholas II

    • Former Tsar of Russia during WW1

    • Went to the front lines to command the troops, but wasn't good at it

  • Alexandra

    • Wife of Nicholas II

    • Shy, disliked heavily by royalty

    • German, not Russian. 

  • Alexi

    • Son of the Tsar

    • Had hemophilia, made the crown look weak

  • Rasputin

    • Creepy christian religious healer

    • Womanizer, constantly seduced women

    • Brought to the palace to heal Alexi

    • Became the closest advisor of Alexandra after Nicholas II left to go fight on the front lines.

  • Lenin

    • Leader of the Bolsheviks (a communist group)

    • Radical and a true communist

    • Hated the government

    • Was kicked out of Russia for causing trouble, but Germany later paid him to go back to Russia and cause trouble

  • Stalin

    • Grew up poor

    • Wanted to rule after Lenin

    • Pulled strings and became the leader of the soviet union

    • 2nd communist leader of the USSR

    • Wasn't as strong as a communist as Lenin

    • Paranoid and insecure.

Effects of Russian Revolution

  • Communism spread outside of eastern europe

  • End of the Russian royal family

  • Caused Russia to withdraw from world war 1

  • RAPID industrialization under Stalin 

  • Redistribution of land from Russian nobles to peasants

    • Caused nobles and other ppl of power to immigrate. 

Stalin’s Rule

  • The Great Purges

    • Stalin got rid of anyone he thought he was an enemy

    • Lost lots of military leaders, which was really bad.

  • 5 Year Plans

    • Rapid industrialism

    • Command economy- the government demands and sets high quotas that must be filled. He basically set high standards and 5 year due dates for a certain amount of produce to be produced.

    • “In five years we will have --- tanks” ect ect.

    • Agricultural quotas

      • This Led to massive famine because the Russian government took food away from countries, leading to the Ukrainian famine. 

  • Totalitarianism- TOTAL control of the people, they are always being watched. 



ARTISTIC MOVEMENTS

Cubism

  • Emphasized flat, 2D surfaces

  • Rejected traditional techniques 

Artists

  • Piccasso 

    • Childe-like wonder

    • Restless 

    • Born in Spain

    • Cubist, modernist, and expressionist. 

Analytical

  •  Dull, muted colors

Synthetic 

  • Lots of color, bright, collages 

Expressionism

  • Modernist movement

  • Image of reality is distorted in order to show artists' feelings.

Surrealism

  • Art movement after World War 1

  • First surrealist manifesto was Burton

  • Focused on maintaining facts that were only relevant to experience

  • Based on dreams

  • Defined by thought, not logic

  • Thoughts came from Freud.

  • Important artist was Dali

DADA

  • Literary and artistic movement

  • Sole purpose was to upset people. 

Modern Music

  • Atonal music- music without central tone and deprived from traditional western musical

  • Sprechstimme- vocal style that combines speech and song

  • 12 tone technique- using all 12 of the chromatin notes equally. 

  • EX: Rite of Spring

Abstract

  • Used shapes and solid colors

  • No subject usually


Propaganda- World War II

Techniques 

  • Name Calling

    • Linking a person, or idea to a negative label without evidence. 

    • Ex: Huns

  • Glittering Generalities

    • Seeking to make the viewer approve and accept without examining evidence 

    • Using abstract words like “Civilization and Courage.” 

  • Transfer

    • Connecting a symbol and its authority to an idea and to gain acceptance.. 

    • Ex: Animals, Uncle Sam

  • Testimonial

    • Using a prominent figure in order to establish credibility by having them give a testimony. 

    • Ex: Mickey Mouse, Captain America

  • Plain Folks

    • The government convinces the audience that their ideas are the people’s ideas instead of the government.

    • Ex: “we can do it!” girl

  • Bandwagon

    • Appealing to the desire to follow the crowd by saying EVERYONE is doing it, so why shouldn't you?

    • Ex: emphasizing common ties. 

  • Tugging at the HeartStrings

    • Using words and pictures to appeal to emotions. 


LITERATURE AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS

SIGMUND FREUD

  • Father of psychology and therapy

  • Psychoanalysis- system of psychological theory that aims and treating mental conditions. 

  • Worked with Carl Jung- who believed that the whole individual’s experience should be respected and included and that people share a collective unconscious.

    • They worked together on Psychology+Mythology, the idea of using ancient stories to contrast against current modern ones.  

Freud’s theories


Theory of unconscious mind (Iceberg Theory)


  1. Conscious- What we are aware of at all times

  2. Subconscious- What we are aware if if we wanted to think about it

  3. Unconscious- biggest section, things that we are unaware of and cant access right away.

Unconscious Mind


Made of three different components


  1. ID

  • Part of the psyche that pulls from the pleasure principal

  • Basic human instinct

  • “I want, so I will have”

  1. Super Ego

  • Part of the psyche that pulls from the moral complex.

  • Sense of right and wrong pulled from memories, experiences, religion, ect.

  1. Ego

  • Problem solver that finds the balance between ID and superego. 


Dreams

  • Theories of dreams showing psychological desires, fears, and other things pulled from the unconscious or deeper subconscious mind. 


Freudian slip- a slip of the tongue or error in speech thought to be caused by subconscious thoughts.



MODERN LITERATURE

Who were modernists?

  • People who distrusted government and authority, and distrusted the societal rules that the government put down. 

  • Broke rules of the world, whether in literature, art, music, or any other art form. 


Characteristics

  • Symbolism

    • Objects, people, places or events that has another meaning

    • Personal Symbolism, not general meanings, more obscure ones.

  • Formalism

    • LIterature is craft that is independent from when it was made/ the context

  • Experimentation

    • Avant Garde- genre of art that explored breaking rules and old forms.

  • Absurdity

    • Elements that don't make sense. 

Other factors

  • Stream of conscious

    • Literary style of the writer changing in and out of the characters mind, from 1st to 3rd person for example.

  • Kafkaesque

    • Comes from the writer Franz Kafka

    • Nightmarishly complex or illogical quality, to an extreme extent. 

  • Magical Realism

    • The fading of the line between realism and fantasy

    • Realistic stuff with supernatural aspects, but is close enough that people don't notice


WORLD WAR II


Causes 

  • Germany invading Poland

  • Japan invading Manchuria

  • Treaty of Versaille 

    • Left Germany in heavy economic debt, forced it to demilitarize, and overall humiliated them

  • League of Nations

    • Lacked any power to stop the war, no military.

Hitler

  • Use of fear and paranoia

  • Restored the German military Blitzkrieg- devastating tactic that focused on quick movement and massive use of air power to move infantry soldiers. 

  • Lebensraum (living space)- Space is owed to the people, they need living space to live. Germany was composed of many small farms with big plots of land, meaning that they needed ltos of land to sustain their population. (Hunger Plan was a result of this, many people were starved for the food production of Nazis ex: jewish, non-aryan, ect.)

  • He argued that because these pieces of land used to belong to Germany, they should have it.


Nazi Germany’s rise to power/ Rise of Facism

  • Facism- the idea of an ultra nationalism political body, dictator, militarism, and beliefs that conflict drives change. 

    • EXTREMELY right winged

  • Idea of facism first started in Italy by Mussolini, then spread to Germany

  • Start of German ‘imperialism’ 

  • Germany’s conquering:

  1. Rhineland- England and France appease the annexation

  2. Austria- Anschluss(Hitler asked Austria to vote (it was rigged) and they said yes.)

  3. Sudetenland- England, France, and Germany meet and talk over whether or not Germany should be able to take Sudetenland, they make the Munich Pact (Germany wont take any more land after this)

  4. Czechoslovakia- Germany breaking the Munich Pact

USSR and Germany signed a Soviet-German Non aggression pact, they agree to invade Poland together and have a truce to ‘lick their wounds’ and prepare. 

  1. Poland- started the war kind of.


Conducting 

The two sides- Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, a little bit of Spanish help) and Allies (France, Britain, US, USSR, and China kinda) 

  • Total war- Propaganda

  • The Blitz- Germany bombing Great Britain over and over again. 

  • Sitzkrieg- sitting war, because Britain didn't do anything to stop it really. 

  • Germany and Russia used Totalitarianism techniques. 

  • Western democracies mobilizing for war: Great Britain under Winston Churchill; the US under Franklin Roosevelt

  • Totalitarian states mobilizing for war: Germany under Adolf Hitler; USSR under Joseph Stalin

  • New techniques and weapons 

    • Bombs

    • Use of Radio and Film so that people all around the world could learn

Britain

  • Led by Churchill

  • He gave a speech to say to “never surrender” 

  • Operation Dunkirk- the evacuation from Dunkirk, involving the rescue of more than 33800 British and French soldiers. Boosted British morale.

  • Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders- a military unit that teamed up with Indian troops in egypt 

France

  • Invaded by Italy in 1940, leading it to surrender

  • Formation of the Vichy France government, the only part left not occupied by Germany.

  • Maginot line- line to separate and protect France from Germany.


United States

  • United states was a large military power

Spain

  • Neutral, but helped Nazi’s a bit.


North Africa/Colonies

  • Desert campaigns- British beat Germany where America mainly fought Nazis

  • India contributed the largest about of troops, at 2.5 million 

  • India also contributed agricultural jobs. 

  • Battle of Britain- major air campaign over southern England. 


Main events

  • Germany attacked Britain, broke peace pact

  • Millions of Russian deaths

  • The main combatants were the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allies (France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, Australia and, to a lesser extent, China)

  • Battle of Stalingrad- turning point of war for eastern front and the Allies (Russia beat Germany)

  • D-Day- land, air, and sea soldiers of the allied armies invaded france (which was owned by Germany) 

  • Battle of Midway- Japanese fleet sustains heavy losses. 

Effects

  • Industrial reconsiderations (the atomic bomb)

  • The Holocaust


Other vocab

Proxy war- major power starts the war, not the two sides.

 8.2 Cold war/communism

  • Sukarno- leader of indonesia during struggle for independence

    • Indonesia was ruled by dutch/netherlands. 

    • Not communist or anti communist, led to his own political ideology. 

  • Kwame Nkurmah- leader of gold coast movement

    • Gold coast movement- independence movement of Ghana

    • Led black nationalism and pan-african organizer

    • Nonviolent activist

  • Domino theory- if one asian country is communist, then they all will eventually become. 



8.3 Effects of Cold War

Organizations 

  • East Europe was ruled a lot by communist soviets/governments 

  • NATO- anticommunist and people against soviets

  • Warsaw pact- communists against anticommunists lolz

nuclear

  • Huge nuclear innovation

  • Nikita Khruschev- leader of russia, promoted nuclear weapons

Proxy wars

  • Korean War

    • North- Soviet

    • South- US

    • They fought ! north fought

  • Angolan civil war

    • Colony of portugal

    • Angolians got independence, then cold war happened

    • Violence broke out

  • Contra war

    • Nicaragua

    • Sandinasita national liberation front, socialists, seized power: US got mad and sent the contras (people who supported anti communisms

  • Soviet Afghan war

    • Soviet vs afghan





India

  • Independence after decolonization

  • Was a relatively peaceful independence from britain’

  • Violence came from divide 



8.4 Communism 

Communism of China

  • Chinese revolution of 1949- mao taking over

    • Chinese nationalist party (sun yat sen, Chaing Kai-shek and Guomindang) vs Chinese communist party (mao zedong)

    • After WW2, civil war began

    • Communist won from help from soviets

Mao's rule

  • Collectivization of agriculture was peaceful

  • Communist party built up trust with peasants

  • Great leap forward- economic plan that greatly improved industrialization

    • Focused on small scale industrialization in rural areas

    • Caused mass starvations bc of its famine and labor


Egypt communism

  • The Suez Canal was extremely important. 

  • Nationalized suez canal & other communist like reformations (was more of a socialist)

    • Egypt took control of the whole area basically

    • Almost turned into a nuclear warfare 


Vietnam

  • Japan and the French owned-> eventually gained independence. 

  • Two parties grew- communist and anti communist

  • Proxy war- US

  • Communist began land redistribution 

  • Led by Ho chi men


Cuba

  • Fidel Castro- led revolution and started communized

    • Nationalized lots of Cuba's resources, causing the US to lose control over cuba.

White revolution 

  • Revolution in Iran

  • Pahlavi

  • Redistributed land , rapid urbanization and westernization


8.5 Decolonization 

Negotiated independence

  • India

    • Indian national congress- middle class formed through industrialization 

    • Non-violent independence, given after WWII 

    • Establishment was violent

  • Africa

    • Gold Coast- Kwane Nkrumah

    • Granted independence mainly bc of lack of money

    • Morocco and tunisia- british ruled

  • Cambodia gained independence from france

Armed conflict

  • More whites = more violent 

  • Algeria

    • Lots of french citizens

    • National liberation front- arab and berber muslims 

      • Violent attacks

    • French soldiers targeted algeria until Charles de Gaulle came and gratned the independence

  • Angola

    • Angola had peaceful independence, but because of religious differences it became a civil war. 

Problem with colonial boundaries

  • Boundaries split ethnic groups apart and grouped rival groups together. 


Latin America

  • Good neighbor movement- Roosevelt aiming to strengthen latin america and us agreements. 

  • Mexico- Cardeneras

    • Nationalizes Pemex

    • Shifts to communism

  • Argentina- Perons

    • Socialist and kinda communist

  • Nicaragua- Sandino and Somza

    • Sandino- nationalist

    • Somoza- anticomunist (us approved)

    • Had a civil war kinda between contras and Sandinistas. 

  • Guatemala- arbenz and Montt

    • Arbanez- Nationalized united Fruit Company, overthrown by US

    • Montt- ruthless leader after arbanez (kinda), targeted indigenous

  • Chile- allende and pinochet

  • Haiti- lots of french debt

8.7 Resistance to power

Peaceful

  • Gandhi

    • Member of indian national congress

    • NONVIOLENT

    • Homespun movement- ppl made things at home to protest textile movement

    • Salt march- gathered salt from the coast and processed its own salt. 

    • After WW2, Britain no longer had support or resources. 

    • Jawaharlal Nehru- Gandhis partner, promtoed indian independence 

  • MLK Jr

    • Took inspo from Gandhi, gained

  • Nelson Mandela

    • South africa

    • Kinda peaceful

    • After south africa gained independence, white minority took over 

    • Sharpeville massacre- led revolt to become violent. 


Violence/ intensified conflict

  • Pinochet- chile 

    • Led military coup to overthrow Allende (communist)

    • Got lots of support from  

  • Idi Amin - Uganda

    • Demonized south asian population 

  • Franco- Spain

    • Used authoritarian regime in spain 

  • SHining path- sendero luminoso

    • Terrorist against peruvian society to replace it with communist/maoist regime

AFter Cold war

  • Mikhail Gorbachev- helped end the iron curtain


Simone de beauvoir

  • Feminist, existentialism, and pro decolonization