world History finally study guide

• Stable food supply (agriculture)

• Permanent settlements

• Specialized jobs

• Social classes

• Government and laws

• Religion

• Writing system

• Technology and architecture

What are the features of a civilization?

Mesopotamia

Where was the First Civilization?

Tigris and Euphrates River

What are the 2 rivers in the fertile crescent?

Sumer

What was the first Mesopotamian civilization?

Uruk, and Ur

What were the most important city states in Sumer

• Upper: priests, kings, nobles

• Middle: merchants, artisans

• Lower: farmers, slaves

What were the 3 classes in these city states?

Built from mud bricks

How did Sumerians build their houses

Cuneiform

What was their writing style?

• Code of Hammurabi

• Examples: "eye for an eye", If a builder built a house poorly and it collapsed killing the owner, the builder would be put to death. If someone stole property, their hands would be cut off.

What was the name of the law and some examples of them?

• Strong military

• Iron weapons

• Harsh punishments

• Organized government

List some features of the Assyrian Empire

• Tolerance of cultures

• Roads and communication

• Satraps (provincial governors)

• Strong army

List some features of the Persian Empire?

Two branches: White nile and Blue nile

How many branches does the Nile have?

• Fertile soil

• Fresh water

• Transportation

• Predictable flooding

List the reasons the Nile is a good place to lvie

Polytheistic

Were egyptians mono or polytheistic?

Ra

Son god

Anubis

God of embalming

Ka

What did the Egyptians call the spirit?

• Old Kingdom:Known as the “Age of the Pyramids”

  Strong, powerful pharaohs

  Pyramids built (including the Great Pyramid at Giza)

  Centralized government

  Belief that pharaohs were gods on earth

  Prosperity and stability

• Middle Kingdom:Period of reunification and stability

  Expansion of trade

  Improved irrigation and farming

  Focus on helping the common people

  Growth of literature and art

  Strong but less absolute pharaohs than the Old Kingdom

• New Kingdom: Period of empire building

  Powerful military and use of chariots

  Egypt became wealthy and expanded its borders

  Famous pharaohs: Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramses II

  Greater contact with other civilizations

  Construction of temples

  Pharaohs buried in the Valley of the Kings instead of pyramids

How many periods were there in Egyptian History? and list features of each kingdom

Built using ramps and laborers

Discuss how pyramids were believed to have been built

Tombs for pharaohs, and afterlife belief

What is the significance of the pyramids?

• Organs removed

• The heart was left inside (needed for the afterlife)

• Body dried with salt for about 40 days to dry it out

• Body oiled and perfumed

• Wrapped in many layers of linen bandages

Talk about the mummification process

• Ruled during the New Kingdom

• female pharaoh, trade expansion

• Brought peace and stability to Egypt

Who was Hatshepsut and why were they important?

Akhenaton was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt’s New Kingdom who is best known for trying to change Egypt’s religion.

• Introduced monotheism, worshipping one god, Aten (the sun disk)

• Moved the capital to a new city called Akhetaten

Who was Akhenaton and why were they important?

Tutankhamen (King Tut) was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt’s New Kingdom, best known for restoring Egypt’s traditional religion

• Became king at about 9 years old

• Ruled for about 10 years

• Restored polytheism

Who was Tutankhamen and why were they important?

• was one of the most powerful and famous pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.

• Ruled during the New Kingdom

• Ruled for over 60 years

• Strong military leader

• Strengthened Egypt’s power and wealth

• builder

Who was Rameses II and why were they important?

Cleopatra VII
Last ruler of Egypt

• Allied with Rome

• Known for intelligence and politics

• Member of the Ptolemaic dynasty (of Greek origin)

• First Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language

• Formed political and romantic alliances with Julius Caesar and later Mark Antony

Who was the last Pharaoh? Write about them

• Farming=main job, mainly grew what, and barley, Ate bread, vegetables, fish, and sometimes meat, The Nile River provided fertile soil through flooding

• Family life=lived in small mud-brick houses, men mainly farmers or craftsmen, women could run businesses and own property

• Slavery common

Write about daily life in Ancient Egypt

Hieroglyphics

What kind of writing did Egyptians use?

helped decode hieroglyphics

What is the Rosetta Stone?

• Calendar

• Medicine

• Geometry

What did the Egyptians create that we will use today?

Mountains and islands

What is Greece made of?

Athens and Sparta

Name 2 different Greek City States

• Military society

• Classes: citizens, helots

• education focused on physicality and not knowledge

• military harsh on young boys (starts age 7)

List some traits of Sparta and its classes and its people

• Democracy

• Classes: citizens, metics, slaves

• education focused on knowledge more then physicality

• military school less harsh (start age 18)

List some traits of Athens and its classes and people

•  leader of Athens during its Golden Age.

• Promoted art, education, and architecture

• Strengthened Athenian democracy

• Encouraged philosophy, drama, and learning

who was Pericles?

• philosopher

• Taught by asking questions rather than giving answers

• Focused on ethics, justice, and truth

• Influenced later philosophers like Plato and Aristotle

• Accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the gods (found guilty and sentences to death, died by drinking poison)

who was Socrates?

• student of socrates

• philosopher

• Teacher of Aristotle

• Founded the Academy

• Believed in a world of perfect ideas

• preserved Socrates’ ideas

who was Plato?

• student of Plato

• philosopher

• Teacher of Alexander the Great

• Believed knowledge comes from observation and experience

• His ideas influenced science and education

• Wrote important works on government, supporting rule by law

Who was aristotle?

• Built vast empire

• Macedonian king

• military leader

• built one of the largest empires in history

• Son of King Philip II of Macedonia

• student of Aristotle

• Conquered a vast empire stretching from Greece to Egypt to India (never lost a major battle)

• Spread Greek culture

Who was Alexander the Great?

• zeus

• hera

• athena

• apollo

• hades

list some of the Greek gods and goddesses

• explained nature and life

explain the importance of the Greek gods

• seperated city states (independent city states)

• limited farm land so relied on fishing, and trading

• protection from invasion

why were the mountains important to greek development

• Sundials – early timekeeping devices

• columns

• Catapults – early war machines

list some of the technology that the Greeks invented

• direct democracy

• only men could participate in political matters (women had no political rights)

• the assembly

explain the rules of athens

• blend of Greek and other cultures

what does Hellenistic mean

• Monarchy

• Republic

• Empire

types of governments in rome

• were the first written laws of Ancient Rome.

• Displayed in public so everyone could see them

• Helped protect the rights of plebeians (common people)

• Became the foundation of Roman law

twelve tables

• roads

• aqueducts

• concrete

roman inventions

• Corruption in government

• Wealth gap between rich and poor

• leaders gain more power

• Julius Caesar

  • Gained power as a general

transition into an empire

• republic: elected leaders

• empire: emperor rules

differences between republic and empire

• period of peace

pax romana

• was the founder of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India.

• Overthrew the Nanda Dynasty

• Created India’s first large empire

• divided the empire into provinces ruled by governors

chandragupta mauyra

• first large empire in ancient India.

• Chandragupta Maurya – founder

• Bindusara – expanded the empire

• Ashoka (Asoka) – greatest ruler

• Strong central government

• unified most of India

mauryan empire

• The empire was divided into provinces

• Each province was ruled by a governor

provinces

• the most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India

• Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya

• Converted to Buddhism

• promoted peace, nonviolence

• Had his laws and teachings carved on pillars and rocks (Ashoka’s Edicts)

• Supported religious freedom

• Helped spread Buddhism across Asia

asoka

• founder of the Gupta Empire

• Ruled mainly in northern India

• Expanded power through marriage alliances

• laid the foundation of India's golden age

chandra gupta

• known as India’s Golden Age.

• Strong but less centralized than the Mauryan Empire

• Local rulers had some power

• Used provinces to help govern

gupta empire

• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the buddha)

• Life involves suffering

• Four Noble Truths= Suffering is caused by desire, Ending desire ends suffering, and The Eightfold Path leads to the end of suffering

• Enlightenment leads to nirvana

• Nirvana: freedom from suffering and rebirth

buddhism

• Many gods

• Reincarnation

• Castes

• developed from the beliefs of the Aryans

• Sacred texts include the Vedas and Upanishads

• Reincarnation: the soul is reborn

• Karma: actions determine future lives

• Dharma: duty based on one’s role in society

hinduism

• zero

• decimal system

indian inventions

• Created a long period of peace and stability

• Strengthened central government

• Opened and expanded the Silk Road

• Government based on Confucianism

• Civil service exams chosen by merit

han dynasty

• silk road expansion

contribution under Wu Di

• confucianism: respect, order

chinese philosophy

• roman empire

who built the largest empire?

• nobles

• peasants

• merchants

• slaves

social classes

• indus river valley

where in India is fertile

• by city planning

how do we know early indus civilizations had strong government

polytheistic

indus civilization religon

• cows

sacred animals?

• indo-european people

• Brought new language, culture, and religious ideas

• Created the Vedas, sacred texts

• Influenced the development of Hinduism

aryans?

• sacred texts

vedas

• Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras

castes

• the founder of Buddhism and is known as the Buddha, meaning “the Enlightened One.”

• A prince who lived a life of luxury

• taught how to end suffering through enlightenment.

siddhartha gautama

• Way to end suffering

• Right Understanding – knowing the truth about life and suffering

• Right Intention – thinking kindly and avoiding harm

• Right Speech – speaking truthfully and kindly

• Right Action – behaving morally and peacefully

• Right Livelihood – earning a living without harming others

• Right Effort – working to improve yourself

• Right Mindfulness – being aware of your thoughts and actions

• Right Concentration – meditation and mental focus

eightfold path

• englightenment

nirvana

• yellow river

influences of geography on china

• the first recorded dynasty of ancient China.

• located along the yellow river valley

• First Chinese dynasty with written records

• Developed Chinese writing

• Advanced bronze work (weapons, tools)

• polytheistic

shang dynasty

• introduced mandate of heaven

• Expanded Chinese territory

• Used feudalism (local lords ruled land for the king)

• Time of major thinkers:

  • Confucianism

  • Daoism

  • Legalism

zhou dynasty

• right to rule

Mandate of heaven

• unified china

• Qin Shi Huangdi (first emperor of China)

• Created a centralized government based on Legalism

• Built roads and canals

• Began construction of the Great Wall

qin dynasty

• greatest emperors of the Han Dynasty

• Expanded and protected the Silk Road

• Expanded China’s territory through military conquest

• Strengthened the central government

• Made Confucianism the official philosophy of the government

• improved the civil service system

wudi

• based mainly on Greek religion.

what was roman religon based on?

• latin

what was roman writing called?

two main social groups.

1. Patricians – nobles and wealthy families

2. Plebeians – common people (farmers, workers, merchants)

how many groups existed in ancient rome

• 300 members

how many members were in the Senate?

• gladiator fights

the colosseum

Republic (power was held by elected officials and a Senate, rather than by a king).

Senate was the main governing body in the Republic.

• Initially made up of about 300 members (this number increased over time).

• Members were appointed for life, and typically came from the patrician class (the noble class).

know how the Roman republic and Senate functioned

• an empire

what did Rome become after the Roman republic

• octavian

who overthrew the Roman republic

• corruption

• invasions

problems in the Roman empire

• split empire into 2

diocletian

• legalized christianity

constantine

• made Christianity official

theodosius