Chapter 14

What factors increase the likelihood of depression and behavioral problems in children?

Children with parental conflicts.

What effect does parental withdrawal predict for children?

Distress and behavioral issues.

How do children react when conflicts between adults end in resolution?

They experience reduced distress.

What is the effect of angry withdrawal without resolution on children?

It increases negative emotions.

What relationship did studies find between parents' anger in conversations and teenagers' self-reported relationships?

More angry parents lead to teenagers describing their relationships as hostile and aggressive.

What behavioral change was observed in 2-year-olds exposed to arguing adults?

Increased signs of distress and aggression toward other children.

How can positive final interactions between arguing adults affect children's behavior?

Aggressive behaviors decrease.

What happens to children who witness adults arguing more than once?

They become more aggressive compared to those who witness an argument only once.

What is the term for the increased aggression children show with repeated exposure to adult conflict?

Sensitization.

What long-term effect do repeated exposures to adult conflict have on children?

They feel less emotionally secure.

How do sibling interactions affect the capacity for future intimate relationships?

They usually enhance the ability to form intimate relationships later.

What is 'theory of mind'?

Understanding that other people have different beliefs, knowledge, and goals.

At what age do most children begin to solve the false belief test?

Around 5 years old.

Who do children typically discuss emotions and mental states with to advance their theory of mind?

Older siblings more than parents.

How do children with siblings compare to those without in terms of developing a theory of mind?

They develop it faster.

What can serious physical aggression between siblings predict?

Aggressive behavior with peers later in life.

What role do hostile relationships with older siblings play in younger siblings?

They predict delinquent behavior.

What is the relationship between generally positive sibling relationships and social competence?

Positive sibling relationships help develop social competence.

How does the number of siblings relate to divorce probability in families?

Each additional sibling is associated with a 3% decline in divorce probability.

What are the three defining features of childhood friendships?

Voluntary, reciprocity, and equal status.

How does friendship interact with the capacity for empathy?

Interacting with friends develops the capacity for empathy.

What is the effect of shared imaginative play on conflict resolution among children?

It leads to more physical aggression than with siblings.

What predicts the quality of future relationships as adults?

The size of children's networks of friends.

What negative effects does being isolated or rejected have on children?

Lower self-worth, higher levels of depression and anxiety, and worse academic performance.

What influence do friends have on a child’s relationship behaviors?

Friends who experiment with intimacy influence the child to see those behaviors as appropriate.

How does childhood relationship quality influence adult relationships?

Those who maintain supportive relationships as children are likely to have supportive intimate relationships as adults.

What is significant about the transition from reliance on family to romantic partners in adolescence?

It can be a scary time as teens seek emotional security outside their families.

How do younger and older teens differ in their understanding of relationships?

Younger teens are more self-centered, while older teens think about companionship and self-disclosure.

How has the popularity of dating among teens changed over the years?

It has become less popular than 25 years earlier.

What is the emotional nature of adolescent romantic relationships compared to adult relationships?

They are emotionally similar but less dependent.

What is the correlation between early relationship experiences and later adult relationship behaviors?

Early relationship habits shape later relationships.

What has happened to cohabitation rates from 1977 to 2016?

Increased from 1 million to 18 million.

What are the four types of cohabiters identified?

Precursor to marriage, coresidential daters, trial marriage, and substitute marriage.

How do relationship satisfaction levels compare between married couples and cohabiting couples?

Cohabiting couples are less satisfied and more likely to break up than married couples.

What trend has been observed among individuals getting remarried after divorce?

Remarriages are more likely to dissolve than first marriages.

What risk factors affect the stability of second marriages?

Divorcees may replicate issues from previous marriages.

What is a significant challenge faced by second marriages with stepchildren?

Higher divorce rates due to resource and time management issues.

How do older adults approach remarriage compared to younger individuals?

They marry more frequently and are similar in divorce rates.

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?

As people age, they focus on positive emotional experiences and avoid negative ones.

What impact does widowhood have on life satisfaction?

It leads to a decline in life satisfaction and a higher risk of depression.