Biol 111 - Ghosh final exam

All 3 midterm exams with some important concepts sprinkled in, all post midterm 3 content as well. (basic chemistry questions taken out)

Which of the following order is correct in terms of hierarchy of organization from largest to smallest

Biosphere-ecosystem-community-population-organism

How are amino acids connected in a polypeptide?

peptide bond

When a lipid is liquid at room temp it possibly has

a high number of cis double bonds

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

saturated - single bonds - solid at room temp

unsaturated - double bonds - liquid at room temp if cis

Two types of unsaturated fats

cis - hydrogens on same side of double bond (kink) = good - cannot be packed tightly

trans - hydrogens on opposite side of double bond (no kink) = bad - can be packed tightly

Carl Woese created the phylogenic tree of life using data from:

Genetic evidence using 16s rRNA (only)

What is amylopectin’s structure?

Branched polysaccharide containing alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

What is amylose’s structure?

unbranched glucose monomers in alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (straight)

which 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose

glucose and fructorse

Which polysaccharide is made with modified sugar…

chitin

natural selection is one of the mechanisms by which evolution of life occurs

true

What is a theory?

a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not yet falsified

What type of bond is a weak chemical bond?

Van der Waals interactions

To act as an effective coolant in a car’s radiator….which table would you check first?

specific heat

Which statement is true for cohesion? Adhesion?

cohesion is attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonds

adhesion is the attraction of a water molecule with a different type of molecule due to hydrogen bonds

Cohesion - surface tension

Adhesion - capillary action

Adhesion is stronger than cohesion

four most common elements in organisms

carbon oxygen nitrogen and hydrogen

Which functional group can pick up protons and raise the pH of the surrounding solution?

-NH2 (it can pick up a proton)

The amiphatic nature of which macromolecules makes it curucial for plasma membranes in cells

phospholipids

What is true for sickle cell anemia

Caused due to a single amino acid substitution in beta hemoglobin

Why does ice float in a glass of water

ice has stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water molecules of liquid water

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to which two domains

bacteria and archea

Valence shell of most atoms is full when they have how many electrons

8

When a general conclusion is drawn from a number of observations it is called

inductive reasoning

Deductive is when a theory is used to explain observations

Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons in their nucleus are called

isotopes

Within a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen by

polar covalent bonds

Not hydrogen, not nonpolar covalent, not ionic

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when

there is unequal sharing of electrons b/w atoms

Whcih two functional groups are always present in an Amino acid

Amino and carboxyl (NH2 and COOH)

which of the following types of cells utilize DNA as genetic material but do not have a well-defined nucleus

archaea (prokaryotes)

Which bond type exists in one carbon and four hydrogen bonds in methane

nonpolar covalent

Enantiomers are

non-superimposible mirror images of each other

Types of isomers (compunds w/ same number of elements but are arranged differently)

Structural isomers: Different covalent arrangement entirely

Geometric isomers: Same covalent bond places but different types of bonds in those places

Enantiomer isomers: non-superimposable images (mirror but not exact same placement of elements)

what functional group is nonpolar

methyl

Which of the following is NOT strictly classified as a polymer?

Lipids (all other 3 are connected by a special bond)

3 main polymers/organic macromolecules and their bonds

Carbohydrates/sugars - glycosidic bonds/linkages

Proteins - polypeptide bonds (of amino acids)

Nucleic acids - phosphodiester bonds

Aliphatic vs aromatic hydrocarbons?

Ali - Straight chain

Aroma - ring structure

Which disease can be possibly caused by excess levels of iron in the human body

polycythemia vera (anemia is too low iron)

all three aromatic amino acids (closed ring side chain)

Pheynlaline tyrosin and tryptophan

maltose is formed a _____ bond between glucose and ____

glycosidic ; glucose

a helix and b pleated sheet tell us about the _ sturcture of proteins

Secondary

What is true for G = H - TS

enthalpy is the energy available to do work

All types of passive transport

Facilitated diffusion - uses a protein that doesn’t require energy (channel/carrier proteins)

diffusion - high to low concentration of small molecules (not for ions/polar molecules)

Osmosis - water diffusion across semi-permeable membrane

During photosynthesis how many CO2 molecules are needed for 1 glucose

6

Carbs found on a plasma membrane's exterior side when connected to proteins are called ___, and when connected to lipids are called ____.

glycoprotein, glycolipids

Whcih 5-carbon sugar is present RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Ribose (has OH compared to DNA’s H)

During photosynthesis, during which phase is glucose actually synthesized

Second phase or Calvin cycle

During ETC, NADH feeds electrons to ___ and FADH2 feeds its electrons to __

Complex 1, complex 2

Which phase doesn’t require oxygen directly or inderectly

glycolysis

In nucleic acids, which bond connects nucleotides to form a polynucleotide

phosphodiester bonds

Plant cells are turgid and generally the healthiest when place in a ___ environment

hypotonic

Hyper vs hypo tonic solutions

prefix refers to the amount of solute in environment and water follows the higher solute

hyper - more solute outside the cell - water flows out

hypo - less solute outside the cell - water flows in

iso - equilibrium - rbcs

In metabolism, ___ pathways break down compelx foods into simpelr substances, while ___ pathways build molecules

catabolic ; anabolic

In glycolysis for each molecule of glucose oxidized to two pyruvate molecules,

2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced

Which bonds are hydrolyzed in ATP to provide energy?

Phosphoanhydride bonds, (terminal gamma phosphate lost)

One molecule of glycose needs two rounds of citric acid cycle during cell respiration, What is the output at the end of two rounds

4CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP/GTP, H2O

When an animal cell is placed in a hyptonic solution, the cell will _ in water

gain water

In bulk transport, which process is responsible for moving contents outside the cell into the extracellular space

exocytosis

Types of bulk transport

exocytosis - exporting via vesicles that fuse with membrane

phagocytosis - cell eating, package and kill

pinocytosis - cell drinking, package into smaller vesicles and put in cytoplasm

receptor mediated endocytosis - specific receptor for substance that takes in through coated layer vesicle

What affect does cyanide poisoning have on cell resp

Complex 4 affected and inhibits the ETC

In active transport, which type of carrier proteins carry two different molecules or ions in the same direction

symporters

Carrier proteins types (active transport)

uniporters - carry 1 molecule or ion

symporters - carry 2 different molecules or ions in same direction

antiporters - carry 2 different molecules or ions in different directions (sodium potassium pump)

In facilitated diffusion, substances move from a high concentration to low concentration w help of channel and carrier proteins (T/F)

true

___ is a regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an upstream enzyme

Feedback inhibition

Types of allosteric regulation of enzymes

• Allosteric inhibition: inhibitor binds to active site and prevents substrate

• Allosteric activators: activator binds to locations away from active site that increases the affinity for substrate

• Cooperativity - amplify enzyme activity; one binds to active site of one subunit that locks all subunits in active conformation.

• Feedback inhibition - The end product of the metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway; (upstream enzyme)

Which organelle in plants is major site of photosynthesis

chloroplast

Plants are ___, utilizing sunlight to make complex organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

photoautotrphs

not in DNA

Uracil

What components make up a complete nucleotie

nitro base, 5-C sugar, phosphate group

When a prokaryote can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation depending on availability of oxygen it’s a

facultative anaerobe

What happens to reactants in the light independent reaction?

CO2 is reduced and H2O is oxidized

According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy _____ be created or destroyed

cannot

Enzymes help reactants reach the _____ state by lowering the _____ energy.

transition; activation

Which energy source fuels the sodium-potassium pump

ATP

In active transport, for every ATP hydrolyzed, the sodium potassium pump can move ____ out the cell and ____ in the cell.

3 Na+; 2K+

In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is ultimately converted to

Ethanol (acetaldehyde is intermediate)

Which amphipathic molecule is abundantly present in a plasma membrane?

Phospholipids

What is the special type of diffusion where water moves across a semipermeable membrane?

osmosis

What’s the accurate description for oxygen consumed in cellular respiration?

It serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

When the free energy change is negative the reaction is

exergonic (spontaneous)

In plasma membranes what increases fluidity at low temperatures and decreases fluidity at high temperatures

cholesterol (fluid mosaic model)

In thermodynamics, in an open system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

True

What are the coenzymes in their oxidized forms?

FAD+

NAD+

NADP+

Using X-ray crystallography, who took “Photo 51” of a DNA molecule that served as one of the key data for understanding the DNA double helix?

Rosalind Franklin

During photosynthesis, how many turns of the Calvin cycle is required to synthesize one molecule of glucose?

6

In Labradors, B gene locus controls the color of the coat but the E gene locus has an effect on the B locus, what is this an example of?

Epistasis

Stages of calvin cycle in photosynthesis

Carbon fixation stage, Reduction stage, and Regeneration stage

What enzyme prevents over-winding of DNA (supercoiling) ahead of the replication fork when DNA double helix is unwinding?

Topoisomerase

Types of DNA repair mechanisms?

Proofreading by DNA polymerase, Mismatch repair, and Nucleotide excision repair (NER-UV light)

What is required during binary fission in bacteria

FtsZ protein

What phase of the cell cycle is occupied by non-dividing cells permanently or temporarily?

G0

During mitosis, by the end of which phase does the two poles of the cell have equivalent collection of chromosomes?

Anaphase (telophase is once nucelus is already developing around each cell)

Calvin cycle occurs in ___, is light ____, and uses ______

stroma of the chloroplast; independent; ATP and NADPH from light rxns

During DNA replication primase synthesizes RNA primers that primes the replication in both strands of DNA. (T/F)

True

During DNA packaging, when DNA is wound around histone protein, it is referred to as

nucleosomes

In the mitochondria, ATP is synthesized in the ___, whereas in chloroplast ATP synthesis takes place in the ___

inner mitochondrial membrane; thylakoid membrane

What is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes producing what type of chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis 1

Crossing over; recombinant

In Mendel’s experiments, the parental P0 generation always consisted of what types of plants?

True breeding plants (homo dom and homo rec)

In Frederick Griffith’s experiments, what happened to the mice when injected with a mixture of heat-killed S cells and live R cells of Streptococcus pneumonia

The mice were dead (transfection/transforming)

Both red and white petals being expressed in Camelia flowers is an example of

Codominance

What enzyme catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells?

telomerase

Humans have a _____ life cycle where only haploid cells are the ____

diploid dominant; gametes