Piroplasmids

piroplasms

other name for piroplasmids

pyriform, round, ameboid, rod-shaped

typical appearance of piroplasms

false

T/F

Piroplasms are larger than *Plasmodium* spp.

false

T/F

Piroplasms form pigment granules (hemozoin)

true

T/F

Piroplasms reproduce asexually in erythrocytes, leukocytes, or other blood system cells of vertebrate host (IH).

false

T/F

Piroplasms reproduce asexually in their tick vector (DH).

Babesiidae

relatively large piroplasms that multiply by binary fission in the erythrocytes of the vertebrate host (IH)

true

T/F

In Family Babesiidae, large paired pyriforms joined at their ends tend to form an acute angle

false -- obtuse

T/F

In Family Babesiidae, small forms of pyriforms joined at their pointed ends tend to form an acute angle.

ixodid ticks

vectors of *Babesia* species

cattle and buffaloes

vertebrate host of *B. bigemina*

cattle and buffaloes

vertebrate host of *B. major*

cattle and buffaloes

vertebrate host of *B. bovis*

cattle and buffaloes

vertebrate host of *B. divergens*

sheep and goats

vertebrate host of *B. motasi*

sheep and goats

vertebrate host of *B. ovis*

equines

vertebrate host of *B. caballi*

pigs

vertebrate host of *B. trautmanni*

canines

vertebrate host of *B. canis*

canines

vertebrate host of *B. rossi*

canines

vertebrate host of *B. vogeli*

canines

vertebrate host of *B. gibsoni*

felines

vertebrate host of *B. cati*

felines

vertebrate host of *B. felis*

*B. bigemina*

determine the *Babesia* species:

large; typically pear-shaped; round, oval, and irregular may occur

*B. major*

determine the *Babesia* species:

large; pyriforms w/

*B. bovis*

small; signet ring forms are common

*B. divergens*

small; usually paired; stout pyriform and round form may be observed; on surface of RBC

*B. motasi*

large; pyriform

*B. ovis*

small; round on the RBC surface

*B. caballi*

large; typically paired pyriforms; round or oval forms may be found

*B. trautmanni*

large; typically paired pear-shaped; oval, ameboid and ring forms may occur; up to 4 parasites in one RBC

*B. canis*

largest species; pyriforms (difficult to differentiate morphologically from the other large species); up to 16 organisms in a single RBC

*B. rossi* and *B. vogeli*

large; typical pyriforms; other forms may occur

*B. gibsoni*

small; pleomorphic; annular or oval forms; signet ring forms may occur

*B. cati*

large; does not form cruciform shape

*B. felis*

small; single or pairs, up to 8 organisms may be found in an RBC

through bite of infected tick, transovarian, transtadial

transmission of *Babesia*

babesiosis, piroplasmosis

disease caused by *Babesia*

redwater, Texas fever, tick fever

diseases caused by *B. bigemina*

redwater

disease caused by *B. bovis*

biliary fever, malignant jaundice, nambiuvu (bloody ears)

diseases caused by *B. canis*

spleen

has important role in clearing infected RBCs and provides immune protective response

1) destruction of infected RBCs

2) release of pharmacologically active substances such as kinins

2 major mechanisms of the pathogenesis of *Babesia*

hemolytic anemia

result of the destruction of infected RBCs (rupture due to altered conformation, opsonization and phagocytosis)

*B. bigemina*

which among the *Babesia* species exhibit destruction of infected RBCs in their pathogenesis?

*B. bovis*

which among the *Babesia* species exhibit release of pharmacologically active substances such as kinins in their pathogenesis?

false

T/F

Babesiosis poses higher mortality in young animals than in older animals.

true

T/F

There is no cross-immunity between the different *Babesia* spp.

KO1

A novel type of *Babesia* sp. similar to ovine babesia is provisionally named as ___

asplenic, immunocompromised, young or elderly people

KO1 is more common in ____.

Giemsa

stain used for diagnosis of babesiosis

acriflavine (trypan blue), acaprin, diamidines

treatment for babesiosis (general)

diminazene, amicarbalide, imidocarb

treatment for bovine babesiosis

amicarbalide

drug of choice for cattle babesiosis

imidocarb

used to eliminate carrier state of *B. bigemina* and *B. bovis* infection

imidocarb

only approved drug in the US for equine babesiosis

combination of azithromycin and atovaquone, imidocarb

treatment for canine babesiosis

clindamycin

initial treatment for canine babesiosis

quinine, clindamycin, azithromycin, atovaquone, doxicycline

treatment for human babesiosis

clindamycin

drug that fights against *B. microti,* causative agent of human babesiosis

*Bos indicus*

basis for breeds to minimize production losses due to ticks and babesiosis

ixodid ticks

vectors (DH) for Theileridae species

Koch’s blue bodies

other term for the schizonts of Theileridae species

macroschizonts and microschizonts

two types of Koch’s blue bodies

sexual

(sexual, asexual) reproduction of Theileridae in larvae or nymphs of ixodid ticks

salivary glands

where are the sporoblasts of Theileridae produced?

transtadial

transmission of infective sporozoites

*Theileria, Cytauxzoon, Haematoxenus*

3 recognized genera under Family Theileridae

lymphocytes

the schizogony of *Theileria* occurs in ___ followed by invasion of erythrocytes

cattle, African buffalo, Indian water buffalo, waterbuck

intermediate host of *Theileria parva*

*Rhipicephalus appendiculatus*

vector (DH) of *T. parva*

East coast fever, Corridor disease

diseases caused by *T. parva*

East and Southern Africa

regions where *T. parva* is distributed

cattle, yak, water buffalo

IH of *T. annulata*

*Hyalomma*

vector (DH) of *T. annulata*

Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis

diseases caused by *T. annulata*

North Africa, Southern Europe, Asia

regions where *T. annulata* is distributedc

cattle

IH of *T. mutans*

Africa

distribution of *T. mutans*

cattle

IH of *T. tauratragi*

Africa

distribution of *T. tauratragi*

cattle

IH of *T. sergenti/T. buffeli/ T. orientalis*

Far East

distribution of *T. sergenti*

sheep, goats

IH of *T. lestoquardi (=T. hirci)*

*Hyalomma*

vector (DH) of *T. lestoquardi*

Malignant ovine/caprine theileriosis

disease caused by *T. hirci*

Mediterranean basin, North Africa, Asia

distribution of *T. lestoquardi*

sheep

IH of *T. ovis*

*Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Ornithodorus*

vectors (DH) of *T. ovis*

Asia, South Africa

distribution of *T. ovis*

true

T/F

During the first phase (incubation period) of *Theileria* (causing East Coast Fever), lesions and parasites cannot be detected.

1 week

duration of the first phase pathogeneisis of East Coast Fever

second

(East Coast Fever) determine the phase where the ff lesions/CS are detected:

marked hyperplasia and expansion of infected lymphoblast population, initially in the regional lymph node near the site of bite then throughot the body; last for 1 week

third

(East Coast Fever) determine the phase where the ff lesions/CS are detected:

lymphoid depletion and disorganization followed by lymphocytolysis and depressed leucopoiesis; the lymphocytolysis is thought to be due to activation of natural killer cells, like macrophages

turning sickness

relapse of East Coast Fever characterized by severe and fatal neurologic syndrome associated w/ the blocking of brain capillaries by infected cells

tetracycline, parvaquone, halofuginone

treatment for theileriosis

histiocytes

the schizogony of *Cytauxzoon* occurs in ___ and multiply by fission in erythrocytes

*C. felis*

cause sporadic disease in cats that is rapidly and uniformly fatal

pyrexia, anemia, icterus, dehydration, death

signs of theileriosis