Run Up to Civil War - Maddox

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Civil War numbers

1861-1865, 650,000 Losses, 4 million freed slaves

“There will be no conflict unless the South provokes it.”

Lincon. He didn’t want to fight but also didn’t want to let the South go.

Catalyst for the Civil War

Fort Sumter. It was a union fort in South Carolia and was in danger, but they were blockaded in. Lincon sends supplies as is his right and the South takes that at the first acts of the Civil War.

North Advantages

A lot of people, strong manufacturing, internal improvments, more forts control the navy

South advantages

Small forgien support, fighting on home turf

Where does Britain stand?

They were originally allied with the South because of their reliance on the cotton production, but when Lincon made the war about slavery in addition to keeping the union together, Britain couldn’t stay involved. Emancipation Proclamation was the final say.

First Bull Run

Union marched down to Richmond in 1861 because they thought the war would be quick. They have the upper hand, but Stonewall Jackson came through and stopped the procession.

Anaconda Plan

Changed after First Bull Run. North uses blockades to cut off supplies and take control of the Missisippi to divide the South. Raise an army of 500,000 and eventually march on Richmond again.

Greenbacks

The nickname for first paper money produced because of the green tint. Produced after Congress passed the first income tax in 1861 to help fund the Anaconda Plan.

“Tardy George McClellan

Couldn’t pull on the trigger on battle plans so Lincon didn’t like him very much as a general for the Union. Dropped the ball at the Peninsula Campaign against Lee, removed.

Moniter vs Merrimack

Only major naval clash. Both were iron clad ships that rendered wooden vessels pointless. Fought at Hampton Roads near Norfolk for control of the Chesapeake. North thought they won because they retained control, South thought they won because they sunk two ships.

Battle of Shiloh

In 1862. Ulysses S. Grant is the north general facing Lee. 24,000 dead in 2 days, North wins but it isn’t very important

Capturing New Orleans

David Farragut captures New Orleans which very bad for the South because they can’t ship as much product.

Second Bull Run

1862. John Pope was the new general for the North and he wasn’t very good. Bark worse than bite. Gets rolled by Lee and is replaced.

Battle of Antitam

McClellan vs Lee in Maryland, 1862. Lee doesn’t break through the north line but McClellan doesn’t take his chance to pressure him and they get away. 22,000 dead in a day. Wasn’t a huge win for the North, but Lincon took advantage and released the Emancipation Proclamation.

Matthew Brady

A photographer that sends two people to take photos of the battlefield of Antitam afterward. The public can finally see what horrors the war brings.

Battle of Fredricksburg

Confederates got their first and took the high ground. Union general Burnside wanted to prove that he wasn’t McClellan so he took the river across which was right in the line of fire. It was a bloodbath and a horrible loss for the North.

Trent Affair

Mason and Slidell, two southerners, went on a diplomatic mission to England to be formally recognized as a country. They were found and captured on a mail vessel on the way back and sparked tensions between America and Great Britain. They threatened to remove their delegation from the country, but it never came to that and war was avoided. The closest Britain came to entering the war.

Cotton Diplomacy

The South relied on their production of cotton to maintain good standing with other countries. However it didn’t work out with England after a while. They had a surplus of cotton and didn’t need to buy more and by the time they did Lincon had published the Emancipation Proclamation and they couldn’t enter the war. King corn and wheat from the north also trumped king cotton.

Merill Land Act

Land act that helped free up land for education

Merill Tarrif Act

Rose the tarrif in the North in the absence of the South

$300 Men

Rich men would pay the poor $300 to got and high the war for them. “Poor men’s fight, rich men’s war.”

Meat grinder warfare

Tactic used by Grant to use his superior numbers and supplies to slowly wear Lee’s army down.

Total war

Abandoning polite and respectful values in war and going all in

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Union General Sherman carved a swath out of the Confederate territory, burning Atlanta and destroying everything. It was horrific, but like the atom bomb, it was a huge sacrifice to move towards ending the war,

Battle of the Wilderness

Battle of the Wilderness: A major battle in the American Civil War fought in Virginia in May 1864 between Union forces led by General Grant and Confederate forces led by General Lee. The battle resulted in heavy casualties for both sides and ended inconclusively, however the North came away with fewer casualties.

The surrender

Lee surrenders to Chamberlain at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865. Grant sends double rations to prove how well off the North is compared to the South. Abe was shot a few days after.

Order of reconstruction

Started with presedential before the war ended, then came congressional and soon after military.

10% Plan

A plan made by Abe to bring states back into the Union. If 10% of their people made an oath to accept abolition and respect the Constitution, the state could rejoin.

Wade-Davis Bill

Radical republican response to the 10% plan, called for 50% instead. Lincoln killed it.

Freedmen’s Bureau

An organization to give land and financial support to freed Blacks and even poor whites

Oliver O. Howard

An important member of the Freedmen’s Bureau that helped with the significant growth in education for freed blacks

Andrew Johnson’s mistakes

Gave out many pardons to Confederate soldiers and then a bunch more to officers. This allowed them to hold office later when the Southern states were part of the Union. He was drunk helf the time and was a complete disaster.

What question did Louisiana pose?

Can free blacks vote? This question was asked when it was trying to reenter the Union

Black codes

Replacing “slave” with “freed blacks” in Southern Constituions to keep the laws the same.

Southern political power

When the 3/5 compromise was voided and a black person became one person, the South gained political ground in the House. The north began to question if they really won the war.

First major overturned veto

Andrew Johnson vetoed a proposed Civil Rights act and then congress overturned it which took away his power.

Joint House and Senate Report

Published in 1866 by a Republican congress saying no Southern pardonee should take office.

Swing around the circle campaign

Andrew Johnson’s campaign during the congress elections to put people congress to support his reconstruction plans

Wave the bloody shirt

The North wondering if they really won the war. “Is this what victory is? We cannot forget how hard we fought.”

Reconstruction Act

Passed by Congress to divide the South into 5 districts, a union general put in place of every district. It also increased the requirements to enter the union, saying freedmen should vote.

Tenure of Office

Passed in 1867. Stops the president from replacing officials in the government without congress which is a huge check on the president because appointment is a major power. Johnson ignores this and dismissed his secretary of war, Edwin Stanton.

What brought the moderate and radical Republicans together?

Realizing that the black vote block was a major way that Republicans can stay in power and both supporting the freedmen sufferage movement.

Reconstruction Amendments

13th - Frees slaves

14th - Civil rights and citizenship

15th - freedmen can vote

Sharecropping

A system resembling slavery where the freedmen are given a plot of land and get a quota from the farmer. It was a cycle of debt and interest because the farmers didn’t have a lot of money to pay them so they tried not to.

Tenent farming

When freedmen would take a plot of land and not receive a lot of help so they could keep more of what they earned.

Skalewag

Southern Republicans

Carpet Bag

A Northern politician than moved south

Credit-Mobiler Affair

The government wanted to build a railroad, so they paid companies by how much they built. The one company, the Union Pacific Railroad, lied about how much they were building and collected a ton of money through a bank called Crédit-Mibilier which mimicked a French name.

Tweed Ring

Crime ring in New York that ran the town, had the police and courts in their pockets. An example of the corruption of the time that came from the expanding wealth. There were similar rings in many cities. Thomas Nast the cartoonist and Samuel Tildon the prosecutor took them down

The whiskey ring

Liquor and tax companies made a deal to not collect as many taxes and pocket the rest.

Liberal Republicans

Emergerged to oppose grant in 1872. They nominated Horance Greeley, New York tribune editor, and they came close, but Grant still won.

Panic of 1873

Similar to the other panics, but not we have paper money to deal with. The greenback labor party formed to encourage easy money and an end to the panic. Hard money men along with Grant dissagreed and defeated them. Democrats used this to get back into the House.

Blanche Bruce

First African-American to be elected to US senate

The KKK

Groups of whites that formed in the South as a reaction to radical reconstruction. They burned black buildings and distrupted black events.

Nathaniel Bedford Forrest

First Grand Wizard of the KKK

Force Acts

Acts passed by Congress to try and limit the power of the KKK, but it wasn’t very effective as the North was getting tired of fighting the South.

Amnesty Acts

Passed in 1872 to give amnesty to former Confederates. This essentially marks the end of Reconstruction and allows the Democrats to begin taking over again

Ex Parte Milligan

Suspends habeus corpus, 1866

Cummings vs Missouri and Ex Parte Garland

Loyalty oaths are unconsitutional because they void the bill of attainder and ex post facto

Slaughter House Cases

Butchers in New Orleans were forced to buy meat from a specific slaughter house and they sued because they said their livelihood was threatened. The Supreme Court ruled against the butchers which opened the doors to other quality of life related cases for Free Blacks

1875 Civil Rights Act

Tried to fight the continued efforts of the South to degrade free blacks

Half-Breeds

Led by James Blaine, this was a faction of the Liberal Democrats that belived in protective tarrif, income tax, and civil rights

Stalwarts

Led by Roscoe Conkling, they are a rival to the Half-Breeds. They nominate Rutherford B. Hayes (govenor from Ohio) to be the president in 1876, which he eventually becomes

Election crisis in 1876

Florida, South Carolina, and Florida still evaded complete control of the Democrats, so when the votes came, 184 (Samuel Tildan) : 165 (Hayes) there was a dispute because those three states hadn't submited electoral college votes and 185 was needed. They all sent slates of electors to Congress who came up with a special electoral commission. 7 Republicans, 7 Democrats, and one Independant judge, David Davis. Davis eventually left and was replaced by a Republican, so all three states went to the Republicans and Hayes won

Compromise of 1877

The Democrats threatened a filibuster after the election of 1876, so a compromise was devised. They wouldn't block the election (because now they have control of the House) if the North takes back its troops. This marks the formal end of Reconstruction

Successes of Reconstruction

13, 14, 15 Amendments, Changed state constitutions, male sufferage, women get property, improved financial system with legal tender and income tax

failures of Reconstruction

Sharecropping, free blacks have limited rights, corruption and scandle