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conservatism
a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion
nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
liberalism
A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.
utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Individual Rights
Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Bourgeoisie
middle class
Proletariat
working class
Das Kapital
Karl Marx's book that said all social classes should end and everyone should be equal with equal ownership of businesses
July Ordinances
edicts that Charles X issued; demolished the Charter, censored the press, reduced the electorate
Decemberist Revolt
rebellion in Russia; called for Constantine and Constitution Nicolas I Crushed it
Chartism
The principles of a body of 19th century English reformers and mass protests who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people.
People's Charter of 1838
called for suffrage for all men and annual Parliament elections
Great Reform Bill
Reformed British house of Commons and expanded electorate to include wider variety of propertied classes. Laid groundwork for further reforms in British constitution
Corn laws
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
June Days
These were the French workers' revolts in 1848 after the closure of the National Workshops
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
Zollverein
The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification.
Austro-Prussian War
Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.
Franco-Prussian War
This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
Second Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
Railroads
Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.
David Ricardo
(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.
John Stuart Mill
Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.
Jeremy Bentham
British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Wrote the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Charles X
set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.
Louis Napoleon
nephew of napoleon bonaparte, won the french presidential election in 1848, and named himself emperor Napoleon II in 1852
Carbonari
A secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in the 1820s.
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