Chemical reactions aromatic compounds

How to turn Benzene to cyclohexane

Hydrogenation. H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, Heat to 150-250 degrees, high pressure 30-50 atm

How to turn benzene into a halgenoaromatic molecule

Electrophilic substitution. Chlorination - Cl2(g). Anhydrous FeCl3/AlCl3 or iron filings to make FeCl3 int situ Room temp and pressure out of direct sunlight. Bromination - Br2(g). Anhydrous FeBr3/AlBr3 or iron filings to make FeBr3 in situ. Room temp and pressure out of direct sunlight. REMEMBER TO REGENERATE CATALYST E.G. Cl2 + FeCl3 ——> FeCl4- + Cl+ then at the bottom of reaction do the regeneration. FeCl4 + H+ ——> FeCl3 + HCl

How to turn Benzene into methylbenzene

Electrophilic substitution. CH3Br + AlBr3. Catalyst is always anhydrous. Alternative examples include CH3Cl + AlCl3 or can be FeCl3 or FeBr3 can mix together but unlikely to come up e.g. CH3Cl + AlBr3. REMEMBER TO REGEN CATALYST E.G. CH3Br + AlBr3 ——> AlBr4 + CH3+. AlBr4 + H+ ——> AlBr3 + HBr

How to turn methyl benzene into halogenomethylbenzene

F.R.S. Cl2,Br2,I2. U.V light

How to turn methyl benzene into benzoic acid

Oxidation. Acidified Potassium manganate(VII), dilute HCl / dilute H2SO4. Heat under reflux

How to turn Benzene into nitrobenzene

Electrophilic Substitution. Conc H2SO4, Conc HNO3. NO2+ is the Electrophilie. Below 55 degrees for mononitration do it at 50 degrees 1:1 ratio

How to turn nitrobenzene into phenylamine

Reduction. Granulated tin (Sn), Conc HCl. Heat under reflux

How to turn phenylamine to 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine

Bromination. Br2

How to turn phenylamine to diazonium ion

Diazotisation. NaNO2, HCl to make HNO2 in situ . Temp below 10 higher than 0 so say 5 degrees

How to turn diazonium ion to phenol

Hydrolysis. H20. Warm / temp above 10 say 25 degrees room temp

How to turn phenol to nitrophenol

Nitration. Dilute HNO3 gives mononitration using conc gives poly

How to turn phenol to 2,4,6-trihalophenol

Halogenation. Add any halogen e.g. Br2

How to turn phenol into an aromatic ester

Esterification. Acid chloride. Room temp and pressure

How to turn phenol into a phenoxide ion

Neutralisation. NaOH. Room temp and pressure

How to turn phenol into an azodye

Coupling reaction. Add diazonium ion. HCl, HNO2 (formed in situ with NaNO2 and HCl) between 0 and 10 degrees so say 5

How to turn a diazonium ion into an azodye

Coupling reaction. Add phenol and HNO2 (made in situ with NaNO2 and HCl). Between 0 and 10 degrees so say 5