Chemical reactions aromatic compounds

How to turn Benzene to cyclohexane

Hydrogenation. H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, Heat to 150-250 degrees, high pressure 30-50 atm

How to turn benzene into a halgenoaromatic molecule

Electrophilic substitution. Chlorination - Cl2(g). Anhydrous FeCl3/AlCl3 or iron filings to make FeCl3 int situ Room temp and pressure out of direct sunlight. Bromination - Br2(g). Anhydrous FeBr3/AlBr3 or iron filings to make FeBr3 in situ. Room temp and pressure out of direct sunlight. REMEMBER TO REGENERATE CATALYST E.G. Cl2 + FeCl3 ——> FeCl4- + Cl+ then at the bottom of reaction do the regeneration. FeCl4 + H+ ——> FeCl3 + HCl

How to turn Benzene into methylbenzene

Electrophilic substitution. CH3Br + AlBr3. Catalyst is always anhydrous. Alternative examples include CH3Cl + AlCl3 or can be FeCl3 or FeBr3 can mix together but unlikely to come up e.g. CH3Cl + AlBr3. REMEMBER TO REGEN CATALYST E.G. CH3Br + AlBr3 ——> AlBr4 + CH3+. AlBr4 + H+ ——> AlBr3 + HBr

How to turn methyl benzene into halogenomethylbenzene

F.R.S. Cl2,Br2,I2. U.V light

How to turn methyl benzene into benzoic acid

Oxidation. Acidified Potassium manganate(VII), dilute HCl / dilute H2SO4. Heat under reflux

How to turn Benzene into nitrobenzene

Electrophilic Substitution. Conc H2SO4, Conc HNO3. NO2+ is the Electrophilie. Below 55 degrees for mononitration do it at 50 degrees

How to turn nitrobenzene into phenylamine

Reduction. Granulated tin (Sn), Conc HCl. Heat under reflux

How to turn phenylamine to 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine

Bromination. Br2

How to turn phenylamine to diazonium ion

Diazotisation. NaNO2, HCl to make HNO2 in situ . Temp below 10 higher than 0 so say 5 degrees

How to turn diazonium ion to phenol

Hydrolysis. H20. Warm / temp above 10 say 25 degrees room temp

How to turn phenol to nitrophenol

Nitration. Dilute HNO3 gives mononitration using conc gives poly

How to turn phenol to 2,4,6-trihalophenol

Halogenation. Add any halogen e.g. Br2

How to turn phenol into an aromatic ester

Esterification. Acid chloride. Room temp and pressure

How to turn phenol into a phenoxide ion

Neutralisation. NaOH. Room temp and pressure

How to turn phenol into an azodye

Coupling reaction. Add diazonium ion. HCl, HNO2 (formed in situ with NaNO2 and HCl) between 0 and 10 degrees so say 5

How to turn a diazonium ion into an azodye

Coupling reaction. Add phenol and HNO2 (made in situ with NaNO2 and HCl). Between 0 and 10 degrees so say 5