CRJS 240: Final Exam Knowt

Murder and Nonnegligent Homicide Definition (Figure 9-1)

The willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another. The UCR does not include deaths caused by negligence, suicide, or accident; justifiable homicides; or attempts to murder or assaults to murder, which are classified as aggravated assaults

Forcible Rape Definition (Figure 9-1)

The carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against his or her will. Attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses are excluded

Robbery Definition (Figure 9-1)

Taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force, or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

Aggravated Assault Definition (Figure 9-1)

An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury. Aggravated assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm

Murder in the First Degree

Unlawful killing that is both premeditated and deliberate

Murder in the Second Degree

Unlawful killing carried out with malice aforethought that is not premeditated or planned but nor was it committed in the “heat of passion”; at the time of killing, the offender did fully intend to kill

Mens Rea

Guilty mind

Actus Reas

Guilty act

Malice Aforethought

The offender acted with the intention/desire to do evil

Voluntary Manslaughter

Intentional killing without premeditation, deliberation, or malice aforethought; defendant usually had to be provoked and acted in the heat of passion

Involuntary Manslaughter

No intent to kill/cause harm; careless, accidental

An Act of Omission

Failing to act when one has a legal duty to act

Felony Murder

A special category of murder whereby an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies can be found guilty of first-degree murder even in the person committing the crime had no intention of killing anyone

In the Marvin Wolfgang study, ____% of all homicides were between family members

25

In the Marvin Wolfgang study, it shows that ______ are far more likely to be both offenders and victims within the category of homicides between family members

Women

In the Marvin Wolfgang study, it shows that ______ are more likely to be killed by friends and strangers than by family

Males

In the Marvin Wolfgang study, it shows that when a male was killed by a family member, that member was most likely his ______

Spouse

The point in victim precipitation is not to blame the victim for the event but to what?

Examine the individual and situational factors that may have contributed to and initiated the crime

Sibling Offense

The incident that begins the homicide

Victim Precipitation

Contributions made by the victim to the criminal event, especially those that led to its initiation

The incident in a sibling offense may be a what?

A crime, such as robbery, or another incident, such as a lover’s quarrel or other argument

Serial Murder

A criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents

Majority of serial killers are _____

Males

Female serial killers are usually called what?

Disciple killers

Disciple Killers

Someone who kills at the direction of a charismatic leader (target people they know)

What are the four types of serial killers?

Visionary serial killers, comfort serial killers, hedonistic serial killers, and power seekers

Visionary Serial Killers

Hear voices and have visions that compel them to murder

Comfort Serial Killers

Are motivated by financial or material gain

Hedonistic Serial Killers

Murder because they enjoy it and derive pleasure from killing

Power Seekers

Relish authority over others; tend to play “cat and mouse” with victims

Mass Murder

The unlawful killing of three or more individuals in a single event or during a short period of time

What do mass murderers tend to do?

Surprise their victims because they often attack in everyday locales that are considered safe because they erupt spontaneously

What are some of the reasons for mass murder?

Revenge, political statements, and attention

Why do mass murderers rarely leave the scene of their crime?

They commit suicide or stay long enough to be detected

Unlike serial murderers, mass murderers are usually easy to _____

Apprehend

According to the NIJ reports, what offenses are more likely than other types of crime to elude the attention of the criminal justice system?

Sexual offenses

____% of women report they have been raped at some point in their life

10.5

__% of men report they have been raped at some point in their life

1

What is the FBI’s new gender-neutral definition of rape?

The penetration, no matter of how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim

When did the FBI’s new gender-neutral definition come out?

2012

Forcible Rape

The carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will

What was forcible rape previously defined as?

The carnal knowledge of a woman, not one’s wife, by force or against her will

What age are most women raped?

15

What age are most men raped?

5

What age are most men and women raped?

5 and 15

Acquaintance Rape

Rape characterized by a prior, social, although not necessarily intimate or familial, relationship between the victim and the perpetrator

The vast majority of rapes occur when the victims and the offender have what?

Some prior relationship

Spousal Rape

The rape of one spouse to another

What does the term spousal rape usually refer to?

The rape of a woman by her husband, but can include a wife’s rape of her husband or rape by a member of a same-sex couple

Spousal rape was not illegal in any state until when?

1976

What are the four types of men who rape their wives?

• Prefer rape to consensual sex

• Enjoy both rape and consensual sex and are indifferent about which it is

• Prefer consensual sex but will rape if their sexual advances are refused

• Might like to rape their wives but do not act on their desires

What is the feminist perspective of rape?

Rape is viewed as an act of power or domination in which the tool used to subordinate is sexual; the sexual nature of rape is secondary to the power dynamics that occur in rapes

Power Rape

Committed to exert control over the victim and generally planned

Anger Rape

Attack their victims with anger and the intent to harm and generally impulsive

Sadistic Rape

Involve a combination of power and anger motives and often involves torture

Where did the data for explanations of rape come from?

Nicholas Groth who studied 348 imprisoned rapists

What percentage of rapes are power rape?

55%

What percentage of rapes are anger rape?

40%

What percentage of rapes are sadistic rape?

5%

Rape Sheild Laws

Statutes intended to protect rape victims by ensuring that defendants did not introduce irrelevant facts about the victim’s sexual past into evidence

The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003

Jails and prisons have mandated tracking and reporting of all incidents of sexual assault

What is the goal of PREA?

Reducing the number of incidents of rape in prison

BJS statistics indicate that ___% of state/federal inmates reported being sexually victimized

4

Child Sexual Abuse

Encompasses a variety of criminal and civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor, exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification, or exploit a minor sexually for purpose of profit

Almost all pedophiles are _____

Males

Child Pornography

A visual representation of any kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

Robbery

The taking of or the attempt to take anything of value from another person by force, threat of force, or putting the victim in fear of immediate harm

Research tends to support the idea that there is very little what in most robberies?

Planning

____ represent the vast majority of robbers

Men

Why do men tend to rob other men rather than women?

The perception that men carried more money

_____ robbers do exhibit one clear style

Female

Robberies are driven by the primary motivation of what?

Fast cash

What are the two types of assault?

Simple and aggravated assault

Simple Assault

The unlawful threat or attempt of violence against another

Aggravated Assault

The unlawful attack by one person upon another wherein the offender uses a weapon or displays it in a threatening manner, or the victim suffers obvious or severe bodily injury

Intimate Partner Violence

A special area of study in criminology that includes sexual violence, physical abuse, and stalking committed by a current or former partner or spouse of the victim

Intimate Partner Assault

A gender-neutral term used to characterize assaultive behavior that takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship

Stalking

A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity; nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a combination thereof that would cause a reasonable person to fear

Cyberstalking

The use of technology, such as email and the internet, to harass individuals

What are the five stalker types?

Rejected Stalkers, Intimacy-Seeking Stalkers, Incompetent Suitors, and Predatory Stalkers

Rejected Stalkers

Want to reverse or correct a felt rejection

Intimacy-Seeking Stalkers

Want to establish an intimate, loving relationship with victim

Incompetent Suitors

Those with poor social or courting skills seeking a relationship with victim

Resentful Vendetta-Motivated Stalkers

Act out of a sense of wrong or a grievance against their victims (revenge)

Predatory Stalkers

Spy on their victims in preparation for attacks, which are usually sexual in nature

What are the two government platforms that report data on property crimes?

The UCR and NCVS

According to the FBI, what are the most major property crimes?

Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson

Burglary

The unlawful entry into a structure of the purpose of felony commission, generally a theft

Rates of burglary are generally higher in what types of households, regardless of family income level?

African-American

Most burglaries involve what?

Forcible entry

When do most residential burglaries occur?

During the day when residents are unlikely to be home

When do most commercial burglaries occur?

At night when workers are unlikely to be there

What are the three categories of burglars?

Low-level, middle-range, and high-level

What are the characteristics of low-level burglars?

• Primarily juveniles

• Often commit their crimes on the spur of the moment

• Usually work with others

• Are easily deterred from a target

• Rewards are generally not significant

What are the characteristics of middle-range burglars?

• Generally, a bit older though they may have begun their offending in burglary as a juvenile

• Use of alcohol and drugs is more common

• Selection of target into account both potential payoff and risk involved

• Offenders are not as easily discouraged by security devices

• Lack of connections for dealing in stolen goods on a larger scale

In three categories of burglars, where is use of alcohol and drugs most common?

Middle-range burglars

Fence

An individual or a group involved in the buying, selling, and distribution of stolen items (a “middleman”)

What are the characteristics of highl-level burglars?

• Professional

• Often in organized crews and are connected with reliable sources of information about targets

• Members of this group can earn a good living from the proceeds of their crimes, which are carefully planned

• May be known to police, but their more sophisticated tactics often evade

What is the most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary?

The need for fast cash

What is the burglary-drug connection?

Often supports a lifestyle including illicit drug use