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Identify the forces that drew people to the West in the years following the Civil War.
Gold rushes and mining opportunities
How did railroads affect westward migration?
Opened settlement in the West
What was the purpose of the Dawes Act?
An Act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations, and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for other purposes
What were the goals of the Farmers Alliance?
form cooperatives and improve economic conditions
What were the goals of the Populists and who did they appeal to?
The Populists appealed most strongly to voters in the South, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. In the Rocky Mountains, Populist voters were motivated by support for free silver (bimetallism), opposition to the power of railroads, and clashes with large landowners over water rights.
Define the following: monopoly, trust, robber baron, captain of industry
Robber barons typically employed ethically questionable methods to eliminate their competition and develop a monopoly in their industry.
Describe the working conditions for laborers in factories in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Very bad, unsafe, harsh conditions
What were political machines and how did they grow and maintain power?
Political machines controlled the politicians and city decision makers. They made sure that enough people came out to vote in elections in order to keep the candidate that they wanted in control.
Define Nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
What immigrant groups were welcomed into the United States and which groups were viewed as vagrants and unwanted?
European immigrants were wanted, Chinese were unwanted
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act and how did it affect Chinese immigration?
It was a 10 year ban of Chinese immigrants and it halted Chinese immigration for years
What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?
The ruling in this Supreme Court case upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races."
What did progressive reformers aim to do?
Protect social welfare
Define the following:Â initiative, referendum, recall
Initiative, Referendum and Recall are three powers reserved to the voters to enable them, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office.​
When did people begin directly electing U.S. senators?
In 1912 Congress passed a constitutional amendment that provided for direct election of senators by the people of each state. The states ratified the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, and the first popular Senate elections were held in 1914.
When and where did women first begin going to college?
1836 in Wesleyan College in Georgia
What was the Square Deal?
The Square Deal was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy based on three basic ideas:Â protection of the consumer, control of large corporations, and conservation of natural resources.
Who were the muckrakers?
investigative journalists during the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) who shone a light on corrupt business and government leaders as well as major social problems like racism.
What did The Jungle aim to do?
expose of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry.
Who were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington?
Both Washington and DuBois were aware that the need for African Americans to become technologically literate was paramount. However, whereas Washington advocated a hands-on external approach, DuBois promoted a paternalistic form of advancement of the Black race.
Why was the Bull Moose Party formed?
this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912.
What was the significance of the DeLome letter?
helped generate public support for a war with Spain over the issue of independence for the Spanish colony of Cuba.
Why did the United States become interested in annexing Hawaii? Describe the annexation of Hawaii.
America's annexation of Hawaii in 1898 extended U.S. territory into the Pacific and highlighted resulted from economic integration and the rise of the United States as a Pacific power. For most of the 1800s, leaders in Washington were concerned that Hawaii might become part of a European nation's empire.
What territorial adjustments were made at the end of the Spanish-American War?
U.S. victory in the war produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States.
What does the “Open Door” policy refer to?
a policy of the united states that stated china should be open to all nations that which to trade with them
How did the U.S acquire the rights to dig the Panama Canal?
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 abrogated the earlier Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and licensed the United States to build and manage its own canal.
What was the message of Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy and corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
The corollary stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.
What was Dollar Diplomacy?
the policy of using the economic power or influence of a government to promote and protect in other countries the business interests of its private citizens, corporations, etc.
At what point did the United States become an imperial power?
The 1898 Treaty of Paris ending the war gave Cuba its independence and also ceded important Spanish possessions to the United States—notably Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the small island of Guam. The United States was suddenly a colonial power with overseas dependencies.
What was Woodrow Wilson’s initial position on the war?
After a policy of neutrality at the outbreak of World War I, Wilson led America into war in order to “make the world safe for democracy.”
Identify the key events that led to U.S. entry into war, and identify which represented the “final straw”.
The Zimmermann Telegram
What role did women, African Americans, and immigrants play in the armed forces?
nurses, pilots, sailors, and combat troops
Who were the “doughboys”?
the troops of General John Pershing's American Expeditionary Forces
How did the U.S. government “sell” the war to the American people AND use them to fund the war?
produced films, commissioned colorful posters, published pamphlets and recruited everyday Americans to “sell the war.”
What was the Great Migration and how did the war contribute to it?
more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant.
What brought WWI to an end?
The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended World War I, was signed on June 28, 1919
What was the purpose of the League of Nations?
provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
Describe the U.S. economy in the 1920s.
The nation's total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929, and gross national product (GNP) expanded by 40 percent from 1922 to 1929.
Define the following:Â speculating, buying on margin, the bull market, Black Tuesday
margin trades can offer traders much higher returns than they could get by simply investing their available assets
What was Hoover’s approach to the onset of the Depression?
he focused on volunteerism to raise money.
Explain why banks collapsed when the stock market crashed.
Many smaller banks, such as this one in Haverhill, Iowa, lacked sufficient reserves to stay in business and became no more than convenient billboards. Many of the small banks had lent large portions of their assets for stock market speculation and were virtually put out of business overnight when the market crashed.
What was the purpose of Roosevelt’s fireside chats?
Calm the nation’s fears and update the nation
What was the purpose of the SEC?
Protect investors
How did the Supreme Court tend to interpret New Deal legislation?
In May, the Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act. In January 1936 a passionately split Court ruled the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional. In another case from 1936 the Court ruled New York state's minimum wage law unconstitutional.
Who was the AAA intended to help?
Farmers
Who was Social Security intended to help?
people over 65 years of age, dependent children and the needy blind.
What was the purpose of “cash and carry” and “lend and lease”?
allowed the U.S to supply the Allies in the war against the Axis.
What was the purpose of the Atlantic Charter?
publicly affirmed the sense of solidarity between the U.S. and Great Britain against Axis aggression.
When did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, and how did the U.S. react?
December 7, 1941 and the Americans declared war on Japan
How did women and people of color contribute to the war effort?
worked in defense plants that built the ships and planes of the most powerful Navy and Air Force in the world
How was the United States able to rapidly mobilize for war?
America's armed forces consisted largely of "citizen soldiers",men and women drawn from civilian life. They came from every state in the nation and all economic and social strata. Many were volunteers, but the majority,roughly 10 million,entered the military through the draft. Most draftees were assigned to the army.
What was the Manhattan project?
Top secret project involving Albert Einstein to develop the atomic bomb
What event turned the tide in Europe and when did it take place?
D-Day, June 6, 1944, thousands of Americans joined an Allied force of 150,000 men from 12 countries storming the beaches of Normandy in the largest amphibious invasion in military history and the turning point in the war against Nazi Germany.
What roles did Dwight Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur play in the war?
These officers were largely responsible for command decisions that resulted in Allied victories in the South Pacific and in Europe.
Why can the Battle of Midway be considered a turning point in the war?
shifting the initiative from the Japanese to the Americans, allowing the U.S. to launch the attack on Guadalcanal.
When and why were two atomic bombs dropped on Japan?
In early August of 1945 to force Japan to surrender
Identify the two “superpowers” who emerged from WWII.
As World War II transformed both the United States and the USSR, turning the nations into formidable world powers, competition between the two increased. Following the defeat of the Axis powers, an ideological and political rivalry between the United States and the USSR gave way to the start of the Cold War.
What is the UN and why was the UN established?
The United Nations was established after World War II in an attempt to maintain international peace and security and to achieve cooperation among nations on economic, social, and humanitarian problems
What did the Truman Doctrine aim to do, and how did it serve U.S. interests?
provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
What were NATO and the Warsaw Pact?
The Warsaw Pact embodied what was referred to as the Eastern bloc, while NATO and its member countries represented the Western bloc
Describe the Korean War
The Korean War is seen as one of the most significant impacts of the containment policy of the U.S. government, aimed at preventing the spread of communism, and was one of the major proxy wars of the Cold War.
What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
a country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state.
Describe the Red Scare and what helped cause it.
The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which led many to fear that immigrants, particularly from Russia, southern Europe, and eastern Europe, intended to overthrow the United States government; The end of World War I, which caused production needs to decline and unemployment to rise.
What was the goal of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government friendly to the United States.
How did the Cuban Missile Crisis begin and end?
In 1962 the Soviet Union began to secretly install missiles in Cuba to launch attacks on U.S. cities
Describe how Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy addressed the Cold War.
Both Truman and Eisenhower sought to eliminate communism and support civil rights, but Truman emphasized international relations and the American economy while Eisenhower dealt more with domestic issues around civil rights. Kennedy pledged that the American people would pay the price and bear any burden for the success of liberty
What was the goal of Johnson’s Great Society? How did the role of the federal government change under it?
It increased the role of the federal government in managing people's lives by introducing welfare.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 aim to do?
prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs.
How did Eisenhower handle the situation in Little Rock Arkansas regarding school integration?
President Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to insure the safety of the "Little Rock Nine" and that the rulings of the Supreme Court were upheld.
Explain the difference between Martin Luther King and the SCLC’s approach to Civil Rights, and that of the Black Power Movement.
In 1963, King and the SCLC worked with NAACP and other civil rights groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which attracted 250,000 people to rally for the civil and economic rights of Black Americans in the nation's capital. There, King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech.
the difference between de jure and de facto segregation.
Judicial rulings and legislation passed during the era of the Civil Rights Movement ended de jure segregation, separation that was mandated by law and enforced by the government. But de facto segregation — separation that exists even though laws do not require it — persists to the present day.
Describe how American involvement in the Vietnam War took shape under: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson in terms of the progression of our involvement. Over the course of which decades did our involvement span?
By 1965, President Johnson authorized US troops to begin military offensives and started the systematic bombing of North Vietnam.
Who were the Vietcong?
the military branch of the National Liberation Front (NLF), and were commanded by the Central Office for South Vietnam, which was located near the Cambodian border.
Why did the U.S. use a draft in Vietnam?
When there weren't enough volunteers to meet the needs of the military, the Selective Service System (the draft) was used to cover the shortfall. After WWII, the U.S. maintained a “peacetime” draft, so the draft already was in place as the U.S. deepened its involvement in Vietnam.
what happened during the Watergate Scandal, and why Richard Nixon resigned from the presidency.
Secret tapes that Nixon kept in the Oval Office that included classified information that shouldn’t have been recorded so Nixon was forced to resign
De jure
separation that was mandated by law and enforced by the government
De facto
separation that exist even though laws do not require it
Monopoly
the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
Trust
a relationship in which one person holds title to property; subject to an obligation to keep or use the property for the benefit or another
Robber baron
a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices
Captain of Industry
someone who owns or manages a large, successful business or company
Initiative
the ability to assess and initiate things independently. the power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do.
Referendum
a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Recall
officially order (someone) to return to a place. bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind; remember
Buying on margin
getting a loan from your brokerage and using the money from the loan to invest in more securities than you can buy with your available cash
Bull market
a market in which share prices are rising, encouraging buying
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929. On this date, share prices on the New York Stock Exchange completely collapsed, becoming a pivotal factor in the emergence of the Great Depression.
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