molecular bio test 1 (1-4)

what is biology?

the study of life

what is biology’s 10 organizations?

1. biosphere

2. ecosystems

3. communities

4. populations

5. organisms

6. organ systems and organs

7. tissues

8. cells

9. organelles

10. molecules and atoms

a type of research that involves fundamental truths on how the world works. researching to find out things, not to fix issues. finding out the “what” and “why” of issues.
eg. discovering that COVID exists.

basic research

a type of research that uses information to fix an issue or improve already existing systems in place using evidence and solidified already existing research.
eg. finding the cure to COVID.

applied research

what is reductionism?

breaking down complex systems by studying their smaller component parts.

a smaller simple cell, such as bacteria

prokaryotic cells

complex larger cells, such as plants, animals or fungi

eukaryotic cells

part of what considers something alive

the way in which cells are structured and how they function together to create living organisms

cellular organization

part of what considers something alive

not random, but organized, like DNA

ordered complexity

part of what considers something alive

maintaining certain regulations or internal/external conditions
eg. sweating to keep you cooler or goosebumps to keep you warmer

homeostasis

part of what considers something alive

the way a living thing responds to stimuli
eg. an allergic reaction

sensitivity

part of what considers something alive

increase in size, structure, function, behavior, change and creating offspring

growth, development and reproduction

part of what considers something alive

the term for converting nutrients or sunlight

energy utilization

part of what considers something alive

organisms develop traits through natural selection over generations that helps them adapt better to their environment

evolutionary adaptation

describe evidence for evolution

• fossil record - shows how organisms change over time

• genes being passed down through generations, showing similar traits and physical features

  • darwins observations on birds and how they adapted and evolved to their environments

a theory that describes the organizations of living systems

the theory includes:
- all organisms are composed of cells

cells are life’s basic units

all cells come from preexisting cells

cell theory

what is molecular basis of inheritance

how genetic info in DNA is stored, encoded, replicated and passed down from parents to offspring

how something is shaped directly affects what it does.
once involves shape, the other does a job
eg. insulin-binding site

structure and function

what are the 3 domains of life?

1. bacteria (single celled prokaryote)

2. archaea (single celled prokaryote)

3. eukarya (both single and multicellular prokaryote/eukaryote)

what is a nonequilibrium state?

a constant supply of energy that living systems need to maintain organizations

all matter is composed of…

atoms

what are the 3 components of an atom?

protons

neutrons

electrons

energy type of a proton?

positive charge

energy type of a neutron?

neutral charge

energy type of an electron?

negative charge

term for a positive ion?
(more protons than electrons)

cation

term for a negative ion?
(fewer protons than electrons)

anion

what is an atomic number?

how many protons there are in an element

what is atomic mass?

the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom

what is an isotope?

atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

what happens when electrons are farther from the nucleus?

they gain energy

what is oxidation?
(hint, OIL RIG)

O xidation
I s

L osing electrons

what is reduction
(hint, OIL RIG)

R eduction

I s
G aining an electron

most of the human body consists of what 4 elements?

1. hydrogen

2. oxygen

3. carbon

4. nitrogen

what 2 elements make something considered organic?

carbon and hydrogen

what are the 4 major biological macromolecules?

1. nucleic acids

2. proteins

3. lipids

4. carbohydrates

the attraction of oppositely charge ions are….

an ionic bond

the gain or loss of electrons forms what?

ions

a group of atoms held together in a stable association

molecules are

molecules containing more than one type of element are…

compounds

what is an organic compound?

things that are made up of carbon based molecules

a cell is made up of what substance primarily? what is the rest made up of?

water and carbon based molecules

what are macro molecules?

they are carbon forms, large, complex and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions

list the 4 main macromolecules

1. carbohydrates

2. nucleic acids

3. proteins

4. lipids

explain how carbon skeletons can look

1. they can vary in lengths

2. they may have double bonds which can vary in locations

3. they may be unbranched OR branched

4. they may be arranged in rings

what is a hydro carbon?

they are the simplest organic compound, only containing carbon and hydrogen atoms

what is the simplest hydrocarbon?

methane, only 1 carbon with 4 hydrogens

what are hydrocarbons good at?

they’re good fuel, both for bodies as energy and for literal fuel too.

what polarity are hydrocarbons?

non polar

are macromolecules polymers?

yes they are polymers

difference between monomers and polymers in terms of their visual

monomers are the smaller piece while the polymers are the bigger, strung together pieces

what is something a polymer can do and is unique to them?

be broken down and built back up again

what is a dehydration reaction?

dehydration is removing H2O and links 2 monomers together

what is the product of dehydration (what was removed?)

H2O

What happens in hydrolysis? (hint; -lysis is to break, like hemolysis)

breaks bonds between monomers, adds a H2O molecule back, reverses the dehydration reaction

what is a nucleic acid and what does it do?

stores genetic information, provides directions for building proteins and includes both DNA and RNA

where does DNA chill at ?

inside of chromosomes

what is a gene?

specific stretch of DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence of a protein

whats this (DNA, RNA, OR AMINO ACID?)

DNA

WHAT THIS (DNA, RNA OR AMINO ACID)

RNA

WAHT THIS (DNA, RNA, OR AMINO ACID)

AMINO ACID

in what order does the neucleic acids go?

DNA, RNA, Amino Acid

are neucleic acids polymers or monomers? what are they made out of?

polymer, made from monomers called nucleotides

what are the 3 parts that a nucleotide has?

1. a 5 carbon sugar

2. a phosphate group

3. nitrogen containing base

what is the nitrogen containing base of DNA?

ATGC

What is the nitrogen containing base of RNA?

AUGC

what can bond with what in dna? (ACGT)

A=T
C=G (3bonds)

what can bond with what in RNA? (AUGC)

A=U
C=G (3 bonds)

what kind of storage does DNA use?

long term genetic storage

what kind of storage does RNA use?

short term storage, not as stable, stores how to make protiens

is a protein a polymer or a monomer?

a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

what do proteins do?

they perform most of the tasks required for life

wghat kind of structure is this?

amino acid structure

what are the major categories of macromolecules

1. carbs

2. nucleic acids

3. lipids

4. proteins

how are amino acids joined together?

through dehydration (peptide bond)

why is structure important to proteins?

it determines their function

what is a primary structure in protiens?

a sequence of animo acids

what is the secondary structure in proteins?

has the a helix: the the curly part of a protein structure

has the b sheet : the ribbons of the strucutre

what is the tertiary structure of proteins?

the extra space, final folded shape for proteins.

what is a quaternary structure in proteins?

when the full protein comes together, like in COVID

what are carbohydrates?

include sugars, and polymers of sugar

what do carbs do?

they store sugar, and are used for energy storage
they are also structural in plants

what is the monomer of a carb?

monosaccharide

what is a disaccharide?

a double sugar formed by a dehydration reaction is a…

what is a polysaccharide?

long chains of monosaccharides linked through dehydration

what is a defining characteristic of lipids?

they are hydrophobic

what are some lipids?

fat, wax, oil, some vitamins and hormones

what does typical fats/triglycerides consist of?

a glycerol molecule that is joined with three fatty acid molecules from a dehydration reaction

how can you tell a saturated from an unsaturated fat?

if there is the max amount of hydrogens then it is saturated, if it is not, then it is unsaturated

saturated fats also have no double bonds

what is cell theory?

the organization of living systems

also says that

-all organisms are composed of cells

-cells are lifes basic units

-all cells come from preexisting cells

who founded cell theory and when was it established?

in the 1800’s by robert hooke (first cells) and anton van leeuwenhoek (first microorganisms)

what does a transmission electron microscope do?

it transmits electrons through the materials (seeing inside a cell)

what does a scanning electrom microscope do?

transmits electrons onto the specimen surface (seeing the outside of a cell)

what are the basic structural similarities of a cell?

1. dna

2. plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer and is selectively permeable)

3. cytoplasm

4. ribosomes

what is a prokaryotic cell?

simplest organisms
lack of a nucleus, DNA is in the nucleoid
cell wall is on the outside of plasma

what is a eukaryotic cell?

has a membrane nucleus

more complex than prokaryotic cells

compartmentalization

has a cytoskeleton to maintain structure