Basic nahw

When can Ghayr Munsarrif words end with kasrah

1. when they have al before them

2. when they are a mudhaf

4 types of ghayr munsarif

1. non Arab names like yusuf. All prophets names in Quran besides شعيب محمد صالح هود are GM

2. feminine names

3. Exclusively male names e.g umar and uthman

4. Names of places like America and Makkah

What is the status of dhamir munfasil (independent pronouns)

They are always in rafa'

What is the status of dhamir muttasil (attached pronouns)? Pay attention to the ones for me and my

They are always nasb or jarr.

Ana (أنا) becomes ني (nasb) or ي (jarr)

Recognising a long distance harf an nasb wa ismuha relationship. What will come between them?

Only a jar majroor or special mudhaf will come between these two. Simply look for the first mansub word and ignore everything in between as every harf un nasb must have a corresponding ism

Two conditions of mudhaf

• it must not have al before it

• it must be light

6 categories of feminine words

1. biologically feminine (words like mother, sister)

2. Pair body parts (eyes, ears etc)

3. Names of places like America, Makkah

4. Non human plurals

5. Words ending in ة ىٰ and اء

6. 17 words which Arabs decided are feminine

Types of plural

• sound masculine plural (jama' muthakkar salim): for beings of intellect

• sound feminine plural ( jama' muannath salim): for everyone

• broken plural (jama' taksir)

• plural by meaning (ism jam')

7 types of ma'rifah

1. begins with al

2. names of people or places

3. pronouns

4. asmā al ishārah

5. a mudhāf whose mudhāf ilayh is specific

6. ism preceded by yā

7. asmā al mawsūlah (allathī)

Relationship rules of أسماء الإشارة والمشار إليه

1. 1) must correspond in all 4 properties

2. mushār must have al before it

3. nothing comes in between these

Reconciling between mudhāf and mushār ilayh

Mudhāf can't have al but mushār ilayh must so if a mushār ilayh is also a mudhāf the mushār will be brought after the mudhāf ilayh.

E.g. بيت الله هذا

4 common breaks in sentence / mubtada

1. independent pronouns

2. HoN and it's ism

3. Ism Isharah if al does not come after it

4. proper word followed by common (واللّه عليم حكيم)

Mubtada Khabr and MBK

1. what comes before the 'is'. Rafa' by default. Always exists

2. what comes after 'is'. Rafa' by default.

3. comes after 'is'. Either jaar majroor or special mudhaf.

M always exists along with one of or both of K and MBK

Possible order of M K MBK and why

1. MBK + M + (K) - لِله الحمد - for exclusivity

2. M + MBK + K - هم في غفلة معرضون.

If the M is common it must be made muakhar and there is no balagha (في قلوبهم مرض)

تشويق

When you have two mubtadas, e.g. إنني أنا اللّه. Ana can't be K as it doesn't give you any info, it's just repeating what came before. This is used to create curiosity

Referee pronoun

In order make the word after ismul ishārah specific and add ال to it without turning the sentence into a fragment, a referee pronoun is added:

this is the house = هذا هوا البيت

4 types of maf'ūl

1. مفعول به - who or what the act is done on.

2. reason why it was done - مفعول له (usually masdr).

3. Time/place done in - مفعول فيه.

4. How it is done (adverb) - مفعول حال

Order of jumla fi'liyyah

Fi Fa M normally.

M Fi Fa abnormally.

آمنّا به و عليه توكّلنا.

We have believed in him and we rely only on him

Fi'l before vs after rafa' ism

Before = jumla fi'liyyah. Verb only needs to match gender.

After = jumla fi'liyyah. Verb must match gender + number.

نصر المسلمون

المسلمون نصروا

Which make fi'l mudhai' light + meaning ( حروف الناصبة للمضارع)

أن لن لِكَى حتى

To, will not, so that, until

Likai can also be l or kai

Which make fi'l lightest + meaning (حروف الجازمة للمضارع)

إن لم لمّا ولْ فلْ لِ

If, did not, not yet, and should, then should, should

Sometimes إن can affect 2 verbs producing a if, then meaning

When coming before mādhī لمّا means when

Rules of ما and أين with جار مجرور

The jar will come before these question words

من أين هو؟

The jar is merged with the ما, with the alif getting dropped

عمّ يتساءلون. لم أذنت لهم. فيم كنتم

Transitive vs. Intransitive

لازم و متعدي

Muta'adi: verbs which someone/something can be added to. These can be made into مجهول. Some verbs like علّم can be double متعدي but only the first na'ib fa'il will be rafa'

Lāzim: verbs which someone/something can't be added to, e.g. he fell. These can't be مجهول

Negating in the past

ما نصر:

Used only with ماضي this is a strong negation, and more like a refutation. Re. Ibrahim: ما كان من المشركين - he wasn't from them at all!

لم ينصر:

Used only with مضارع, this is a standard negation such as in response to a question asking did he help