B.VET TECH OSCE REVISION 2022

Mayo-Hegar Needle Holder/Driver

Used for suturing

Adson Brown Tissue Forceps

Instrument with several small and delicate teeth that are used for light handling of delicate tissue

Rat Tooth Tissue Forceps

used to grasp skin and other dense tissue
teeth are generally bigger than those in the adson tissue, and the handle is skinnier than the adson tissue

Debakey tissue forceps

Vascular; grasping fine tissue; many lengths ; used in all types of surgery ; 1 x 2 rows of serrations

Metzenbaum Scissors

To blunt-dissect or cut soft fine tissues

Mayo Scissors

A heavy scissor used for cutting tough tissue; muscle/ fascia, blades may be straight or curved.

Suture Scissors

Used to cut sutures

Mosquito Haemostats

Small delicate haemostatic forceps for small vessels.

Allis Tissue Forceps

Inward curving forcing toothed blades and a ratcheted handle designed for grasping fascia and tendons.

Backhaus Towel Clamps

used to attach towels and drapes to the px

Rochester Carmalt Forceps

Used to clamp and crush tissue bundles that contain blood vessels. Longitudinal grooves and cross grooves at the tip.

Scalpel Blade Holder

holds scalpel blade

Ovarian hysterectomy margins

cranial margins diaphragm & caudally brim of pubis/ vulva or 10-15cm either side of incision site which is caudal of the umbilicus

Castration margins

cranial margin prepuce & caudally the scrotum; then 10cm either side of the incision site

surgical clipper blade

size 40

tick clip- clipper blade

size 10

Cleaning instruments

Soak Medyzyme >5min
Scrub debris
Rinse in deionised water
Ultrasonic cleaner
Rinse in deionised water
Autoclave
**Cannot pack wet

Surgical hand scrub

Removes as many microorganisms as possible Chlorhexidine 4% solution; minimum 5 min contact time
Hand scrubbing 5-10 min, chlorhex hand scrub, nails-pick, nail scrub- bristle side, soft foam= hand, breaking asepsis = minor= clean specific area, major = rescrub from the beginning

Gowning

1. Standing approximately 50cm from the sterile area*, pick up the gown by the *folded edges* and lift it directly up from the package. The gown is folded so that the outside faces away.
2. Stepping back from the table, make sure *no objects are near the gown*. Holding the gown at the *shoulders*, allow it to unfold gently. *Do not shake* the gown.
3. Place the hands inside the *armholes* and guide each arm through the sleeves by raising and spreading the arms.
4. For the *open gloving* technique, *pull the sleeves over the hands*. For the *closed gloving* technique, keep the hands and *fingers covered by the sterile gown*.
5. An *assistant fastens the back and waistband* of the gown.

Open gloving method

1. hand washing
2. open the glove wrapper from the corner and peel back the sides
3. place the inner glove on a clean dry surface
4. place the package so the the right glove on your right side.
5.open
6. glove the dominant hand first grasp the glove by the cuff.
8. slip the first four finger of your dominant hand under the cuff
9. use the non dominant hand into the cuff of the dominant hand glove and open the cuff

closed gloving method

1. with hands covered by gown sleeves, open inner sterile glove package. dominant hand picks up glove for non dominant hand by grasping folded cuff
2. extend nondominant forearm w/ palm up & place palm of glove against palm of non dominant hand. glove fingers point toward elbow
3. grasp back of glove cuff w/ covered dom. hand, turn glove cuff over end of nondom. hand & gown cuff
4. grasp top of glove & underlying gown sleeve w/ covered dom. hand & extend fingers into glove being sure glove's cuff covers gown's cuff
5. glove dominant hand in same manner, reversing hands. used glove nondom. to pull on glove. keep hand inside sleeve
6. be sure fingers are fully extended

Surgical preparation of patient

Confirm patient position for sx
Clip in prep room
Clip appropriate margins as confirmed by vet
No 40 size clipper blades
Vacuum loose hair
Px skin prep
Drape

Surgical scrub step 1

dilute 1:6, 100ml and 600ml h2O (700ml total); aqueous chlorhexidine 4% surgical scrub add gauze swabs; repeat a total 3 times after all debris removed 5 min contact time

Surgical scrub step 2

methylated/ alcohol scrub; soak swab in alcohol/ methylated spirits then wipe inscision site with concentric circles, until chlorhex is removed in prep and Sx. **ensure swabs do not go back over the cleaned surface/ incision site

Surgical scrub step 3

chlorhex- metho spray; 0.5% chlorhex- in 70% alcohol; light mist once moved to theatre, allow to air dry

Sx prep excretions

ensure the px has urinated pre sx, if not express bladder once anesthetised and place purse string if required

Sx prep Clip

confirm clip margins ; 15-20cm around incision site
clip with the hair, then against the hair
vacuum px and table to remove all hair prior to scrub

Sx prep scrub other chemicals

PVP Iodine; 2.5mls iodine with 500ml distilled water used for sx scrub on mucous membranes -> eyes, mouth ears

Aqueous chlorhexidine; 40ml : 4L water, for flushing prepuce and vulva

Draping the patient

unfold, fold, tuck, place, clamp
lateral drape first

Cleaning instruments and surgical kits

clean and rinse with distilled water, clean with medizyme, ultrasonic cleaning, lubricate, dry

When packing surgical kits; they require

sterile indicator strips and tape, label; name/ initials, date packed, kit type

Sterilisation of surgical kits

autoclave to destroy microorganisms via protein denaturing; heavy items on bottom chamber

Care and maintenance of clippers; non contaminated blades

- remove gross debris (remove blade, brush)
- clean with blade wash (small amount to cover blade, run 30 sec, dry with gauze)
- disinfect with alcohol chlorhexidine (2 min contact time, wipe dry)
- clipper oil
- wipe hand piece with F10
- Charge

Care and maintenance of clippers; contaminated blades

- wear gloves remove gross debris (remove blade, brush)
- disinfect with F10 min 60 sec- if parvo >15 min, wipe dry with clean gauze
- surgistain; with gloves make solution 1:7 water, soak blades for 15 min, rinse in distilled water & dry
- clipper oil
- wipe hand piece with F10
- Charge

Anaesthesia rebreathing system check

1. Attach oxygen hose

2. Attach scavenge hose to pendant

3. Turn scavenge on

4. Attach scavenge hose to spill valve

5. Check oxygen flush button

6. Turn flowmeter on full, then back to 2L/min

7. Flowmeter seal check

8. Vaporiser seal check

9. Check vaporiser full

10. Check vaporiser dial rotates all the way

11. Check vaporiser locked on if selectatec mount

12. Check soda lime canister

13. Attach fresh gas hose to Common Gas Outlet

14. Attach rebreathing system to soda lime canister

15. Attach Rebreathing Bag (RB)

16. Occlude breathing circuit with thumb

17. Close spill valve - for pressure/leak check

18. Pressurise circuit to 20cm H20 and ensure pressure does not drop

19. Check one-way valves

20. Open spill valve (very important patient will die if spill valve not opened)

21. Empty RB bag with y-piece occluded then unblock breathing circuit

Anaesthesia non-rebreathing system check

1. Attach oxygen hose

2. Attach scavenge hose to pendant

3. Turn scavenge on

4. Check oxygen flush button

5. Turn flowmeter on full, then back to 2L/min

6. Flowmeter seal check

7. Vaporiser seal check

8. Check vaporiser full

9. Check vaporiser dial rotates all the way

10. Attach NRB to Common Gas Outlet

11. Attach Rebreathing Bag (RB)

12. Attach scavenge hose to spill valve on NRB

13. Close spill valve - for pressure/leak check

14. Occlude breathing circuit with thumb

15. Pressurise circuit to 20cm H20 and ensure pressure does not drop

16. Open spill valve (very important patient will die if spill valve not opened)

17. Empty RB bag with breathing system occluded then unblock breathing circuit

18. Checking integrity of coaxial green Fresh Gas Tube in a Bain NRB
• Depress oxygen flush valve (the rebreathing bag should compress)

endotracheal tube cuff inflation

Inflate until you can no longer hear air escaping around the ET tube- have one person close the spill valve and give a breath between 10-20H2O depending on the size of the patient, slowly inflate, continue this process until there is no sound/ air escaping

drug calculations

dose = concentration x volume

A 40 kg dog requires antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. She needs 20 mg/kg of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid three times a day for three weeks.
How many 500 mg tablets does she require for each dose?
How many tablets do you need to send home with the owner?

Dose = Dose rate (mg/kg) x Weight (kg)
Dose = 20 mg/kg x 40kg = 800 mg
Volume = 800 mg/500 mg/tablet = 1.6 tablets
1.6 tablets per dose (will accept 1 1/2 tablets or 2 tablets)
1.5 x 3 x 21 = 95 tablets
or
2 x 3 x 21 = 126 tablets

You are asked to prepare a drug label for a patient. The patient is a 6 kg cat that requires 5 days of meloxicam suspension (0.5 mg/ml) to be given per os once a day. The veterinarian wants the cat to have 0.1 mg/kg of meloxicam on the first day and 0.05 mg/kg per day after that. You have the choice of a 15 or 30 ml bottle.

S: Dose (1st day) = 6 kg x 0.1 mg/kg = 0.6 mg
Dose (subsequent days) = 6kg x 0.05mg/kg
Volume = 0.6 mg/0.5 mg/ml = 1.2 ml on the first day and 0.6 ml on subsequent days.
Volume required for total treatment = 1.2 + (0.6 x 4) = 3.6 ml so 15 ml bottle most appropriate.
Give X 1.2 ml meloxicam (0.5mg/ml) orally with food on the first day Give 0.6 ml ml once a day orally with food for subsequent 4 days. Do not treat past 5 days.

You are asked to draw up 2 mg/kg of alfaxalone to be used to induce a 9 kg dog. The concentration of the afaxalone is 10 mg/ml.
a) What volume will you draw up?
b) The vet wants the alfaxalone diluted to 5 mg/ml. How much saline would you add?
c) If the vet was to add enough saline to the original volume (part a) to finish with a total of 5 ml what would be the concentration of alfaxalone?

S: a) Dose = 2 mg/kg x 9 kg = 18 mgVolume = 18mg / 10 mg/ml = 1.8 ml
b) There are two ways to work this out. The important thing to remember that the dose of 18 mg remains the same.
The way that you seemed to prefer is;
The new concentration = 5mg/ml. This is half the concentration of the original 10mg/ml. If we are going to use half the concentration we will need to give double the dose rate to get the same dose of 18 mg.
Therefore you will need a total of 3.6 mls of (5mg/ml alfaxalone) to provide 18 mg. You will need to draw up 1.8 mls of alfaxalone out of the bottle (10 mg/ml).
As the total volume needed is 3.6 mls and you have 1.8 mls of alfaxalone out of the bottle you will need 1.8 mls of saline
Eg. total volume 3.6ml = volume of alfaxalone 1.8ml + volume of saline 1.8ml
While the concentration and volumes change the dose does notC1 x V1 = C2 x V218 mg = 5 x V2V2 = 3.6 ml, 3.6 - 1.8 = 1.8 ml of saline
If we to work through the additional example in the tutorial
If you need to dilute 10 mg/ml alfaxalone to 2 mg/ml then
2 mg/ml is 1/5 of 10 mg/ml ie 2/10.
If the concentration is 1/5 of the original you will need 5 times the volume.
Therefore Volume = 5 x 1.8 ml (10mg/ml) = 9ml
Total volume = volume of alfaxalone + volume of saline
Therefore volume of saline = total volume - volume of alfaxalone = 9ml - 1.8 ml = 7.2 ml
c) C = dose/volume = 18 mg/5ml = 3.6 mg/ml

The veterinarian you are working with wants to perform local blocks on a feline dental patient that weighs 5.5 kg. The maximal allowable dose rate of lignocaine in the cat is 6 mg/kg. The veterinarian wants you to calculate the volume of 2% lignocaine that corresponds to this dose rate. What is your answer?

Dose = Wt x dose rate = 5.5 kg x 6 mg/kg = 33 mg.
The concentration of lignocaine is 20 mg/ml.
Therefore the volume = 33/20 = 1.65 ml.

You are setting up gravity feed fluids for a cat spey. The cat weighs 3.8 kg. You will be using a burette which delivers 60 drops/ml. The veterinarian wishes Hartmans to be administered at a rate of 3 ml/kg/hr during the procedure.
How many drops per second do you need to give?
The spey lasts for 20 min. How much Hartmans should the cat have received in this time?

Dose = Dose rate x Wt = 3.8 kg x 3 ml/kg/hr = 11.4 mls/hr
11.4 x 60 drops/hr = 684 drops per hr.As there are 60 min in a hour
684/60 = drops/min = 11.4
As there are 60 s in a minute11.4/60 = 0.2 drops/sec or 1 drop every 5 s
11.4 mls/hr = 0.19 ml/min
over 20 min = 0.19 x 20 = 3.8 mls

A 15 kg dog needs to be placed on a ketamine infusion at a rate of 5 microg/kg/min. If the concentration of the infusion is 1 mg/ml, what rate in mls/hr would you write on the chart?

Dose = dose rate x Wt = 15 kg x 5 microg/kg/min = 75 microg / min
As there are 60 min in hour = 4,500 micog / hr
As there were 1000 micrograms in a ml
4,500/1000 mg/hr = 4.5 mg/hr
Volume = Dose/concentration = 4.5/1 mg/ml = 4.5 ml/hr.

A 7 kg dog requires a fentanyl infusion to be administered at 4 microg/kg/hr for 24 hours. How many vials of fentanyl 500 microg in 10 ml would be needed to make this infusion?

Dose = dose rate x Wt = 4microg x 7kg x 24hr = 672 microg for the 24 hours
Volume = dose/concentration = 672microgr/500microg per vial = 1.34 vials of fentanyl

A 26 kg dog requires a dopamine infusion to be administered at 7 microg/kg/min. How many mls per hour does this dog need? You need to make the dopamine solution first by injecting a 5 ml ampule of dopamine which contains 200 mg into a 500 ml bag of 0.9% NaCl.

Dose = dose rate x Wt = 7 microg x 26 kg = 182 microg per minute.
As the rate will be in hours we need to work out how many microg/hour
Dose = 182 microg x 60 min per hour = 10,920 microg/hour.
This is a large number so we will convert it to mg. Remember 1000 microg in a milligram
Dose = 10,920 microg/1000 = 10.92 mg
To work out our hourly rate we need the concentration of the solution. We need to make this up
If we add 200 mg into a 500 ml bag (after removing 5 ml of saline) the
Concentration = amount of solute/volume = 200 mg/500 ml = 0.4 mg/ml
Dose = Dose rate/concentration = 10.92 mg/hr / 0.4mg/ml = 27.3ml/hr

A 8 kg fox terrier has been kicked in the head by a horse. You want to administer mannitol at 1g/kg over 20minutes. In a 500 ml bag of Osmitrol there is 100 g of mannitol. What volume/percent is the solution and what rate in ml/hr does the dog need?

Dose = dose rate x Wt = 1 g x 8 kg = 8 g. We usually work in mg so this would be = 8000 mg
Volume = dose rate/concentration
Concentration = amount of solute/volume = 100 g/500ml = 0.2 g/ml
As we are used to working in mg this would = 200 mg/ml (20% w/v)
Volume = dose rate/concentration = 8000mg/200 mg/ml = 40 ml.
The mannitol needs to be given over 20 mlnutes.
The rate of administration would be 2 mg/min which works out to be 120 mls per hour.

A 2 kg puppy needs to be placed on a 2.5% dextrose solution. How much of a 50% dextrose solution would you need to add to a 100 ml of hartmans to make a 2.5% solution?

A 2.5% w/v solution is equivalent to 25 mg/ml.
To make up 100 ml of this solution
Amount = Concentration x volume = 25 mg/ml x 100 ml = 2500 mg
A 50% solution contains 500 mg/ml
Volume = Dose/concentration = 2500/500 = 5 mls of dextrose

Calculate the flow rate for a 32kg at the beginning of anaesthesia (100 ml/kg/min) and for maintenance (40 ml/kg/min)

A:100 ml x 32kg/min = 3200 ml/min = 3.2 L/min
A: 40ml x 32kg/min = 1280 ml/min = 1.28L/min

Acepromazine

Use: Sedation- Tranquilizer; causes hypotension and vasodilation
Dose: 0.01- 0.05mg/kg
Concentration: 2mg/ml

Alfaxalone (Alfaxan)

Use: induction agent; can cause tachycardia & apnoea
Dose: D 1-2mg/kg C 2-4mg/kg
Concentration: 10mg/ml
Duration: 5-10min

Atipamozole

Alpha 2 antagonist; medetomidine reversal agent

Atropine

Use: anticholinergic; increases HR and contractility of the heart
Duration: 20 min

Butorphanol

Use; partial Mu antagonist and kappa agonist- more pain relief then sedation
Dose: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg
Duration: 2-4hr

Diazapam

Use: anticonvulsant, anxiolytic- muscle relaxant & antiseizure
Dose: 0.5-2mg/kg
Duration: ~8hr

Dopamine

Use: positive inotrope, to increase HR, Blood pressure from severe hypotension
Dose: 5-20mg/kg/min (IV CRI)

Fentanyl (transdermal)

Use: pure mu/ opioid analgesia
Onset: 12hr post placement
Duration: ~2-3 days

Fentanyl

Use: pure mu/ opioid analgesia
Dose: 1-5mcg/kg
Duration: 20 min

Glyccopyrrolate

Use: anticholinergic; increase HR & BP, inhibit salivary secretions
Dose: 0.011mg/kg
Longer duration

Lignocaine (Lidocaine)

Use: Anaesthetic (local block), Antiarrhythmic- VPCs
Dose: 0.5-1mg/kg

Medetomidine/Dexmedetomidine

Use: alpha 2 agonist sedation & pain relief; can cause initial hypertension then decreased cardiac output; low HR & BP
Dose: 1-10mcg/kg
Concentration: 1mg/ml

Meloxicam

Use- NSAID

Methadone

Use: pure mu, opioid, provides analgesia
Dose: 0.1-0.5mg/kg
Concentration: 10mg/ml
Duration: 4-6hr

Midazolam

Use: pre-med twilight anaesthesia; anticonvulsant, anxiolytic- muscle relaxant & antiseizure
Dose: 0.2-0.5mg/kg

Naloxone

Use: opioid reversal/ mu antagonist

Propofol

Use: induction agent; can cause apnoea, hypotension and bradycardia
Dose: 4mg/kg
Concentration: 10mg/ml
Effects: 30-60sec
Duration: 20min

Radiology; PALACE

P- Positioning of your animal; legs pulled in correct direction
A- Anatomy- included anatomical structures
L- Labelling- appropriate position
A- artifacts; obvious artifact; microchip, ecg lead, motion, sandbags, gloves, positioning aids
C- collimation- centrepoint, don't have excessive anatomy included
E- exposure- is it appropriate; lung; good contrast between soft tissue and gas

Left lateral thorax X-ray positioning

POSITIONING
Minimal rotation evidenced by costochondral junctions being nearly superimposed
Poor inspiration evidenced by superimposition of diaphragm over the heart
Forelimbs adequately extended Jade's rule of thumb: 90 degrees or more in relation to thoracic spine (pink angle)

Left lateral thorax x-ray anatomy & labelling

ANATOMY
All required anatomy is included
CRANIAL Thoracic Inlet
CAUDAL Diaphragm
VENTRAL Sternum skin margin
DORSUM Vertebral bodies

LABELLING
Correct marker
Placed in an appropriate location

Left lateral thorax x-ray artefacts, collimation & exposure

ARTEFACTS
No unexpected artefacts
You can note the presence of ETT and Microchip COLLIMATION
Could be improved- See yellow box
EXPOSURE EI: 239 indicates underexposed
Lung markings themselves look adequately exposed
Good

Left lateral thorax x-ray repeat?

Yes • Better inspiration required to become diagnostic quality • Note: Under a full GA peak inspiration is achieved by performing a breath hold. Under sedation you need to observe the rise and fall of the chest - timing is crucial!

Non-diagnostic radiographs

Poorly positioned and/or exposed radiographs cannot be accurately interpreted by the requesting veterinarian or radiologist

Diagnostic quality xrays

Images that are of an acceptable quality and can be accurately interpreted

Image viewing conventions: lateral

Lateral projections should always be orientated so that the patients nose is on the left, tail to the right

Image viewing conventions: Ventro-dorsal (VD/DV)

Ventro Dorsal (VD)/ Dorso Ventral (DV) views should be viewed as thought the patient is standing on their hindlimbs . The left should be on the right, and right on the left

Image viewing conventions: Caudal Cranial (CdCr)

Caudo Cranial ( CdCr) often preferred to be
viewed with the lateral aspect on the right

Exposure Index (EI)

EI Value = 300
< 300-underexposed
> 300-overexposed

Ventro Dorsal (VD) Thorax xray: positioning anatomy labelling

POSITIONING
•No rotation evidenced by sternum being superimposed over the spine
•You can also assess this by the spinous processes sitting in the middle of the vertebral bodies or symmetry in the length of the ribs
ANATOMY
•All required anatomy is included
•CRANIAL Thoracic Inlet
•CAUDAL Diaphragm
•LATERALLY Skin margins
LABELLING
•Correct marker
•Placed in appropriate location

Ventro Dorsal (VD) Thorax xray: artefacts collimation exposure repeat?

ARTEFACTS
• No unexpected artefacts
•You can note the presence Microchip
COLLIMATION
•Could be improved
•See yellow box
EXPOSURE
•EI: 169 indicates underexposed
•Lung markings themselves look adequately exposed
•Good
REPEAT
No
•This image is of acceptable radiographic quality

Left lateral abdomen xray positioning anatomy labelling

POSITIONING
•No rotation evidenced by the costochondral
junctions being superimposed cranially, and wings of ilium superimposed caudally
ANATOMY
•Not all required anatomy is included
•CRANIAL Diaphragm
•CAUDAL Greater Trochanter **missing**
•VENTRAL Skin margins
•DORSAL Spine

LABELLING
•Correct marker
•Placed in appropriate location

Left lateral abdomen xray artefacts collimation exposure repeat?

ARTEFACTS
•Slight artefact from positioning foam
•Not detrimental to image quality
COLLIMATION
•If possible, collimate to include greater trochanter
•If dog is larger than the size of the imaging plate, two
exposures are required
EXPOSURE
•EI: 120 indicates underexposure
•Good abdominal serosal detail
REPEAT?
•Yes
•This image is of acceptable radiographic quality, BUT, we need another radiograph to include the full abdomen (ie, greater trochanter at the caudal portion of the image)

Ventro Dorsal (VD) Abdomen P.A.L.

POSITIONING
•No rotation cranially evidenced by the spinous process of the cranial lumbar vertebrae being central in the vertebral bodies
ANATOMY
• Not all required anatomy is included
• CRANIAL Diaphragm
• CAUDAL Greater Trochanter
• VENTRAL Skin margins
• LATERALLY Skin Margins
LABELLING
• Correct marker
• Placed in appropriate location

Ventro Dorsal (VD) Abdomen A.C.E.R?

ARTEFACTS
•None present
COLLIMATION
•If possible, collimation should be adjusted to include the greater trochanters
EXPOSURE
•EI: 413 indicates overexposure
•Good abdominal serosal detail
REPEAT?
•Yes
•This image is of acceptable radiographic quality, BUT,
we need another radiograph to include the full abdomen (ie, greater trochanter and caudal border of the image)

Left lateral pelvis xray P.A.L.

POSITIONING
•Slight rotation evident by lack of superimposition of the
acetabulum
ANATOMY
•All required anatomy is included
•CRANIAL Ilium
•CAUDAL Ischium
•DORSAL Skin margins
•VENTRAL 1/3 Proximal Femurs
LABELLING
•Correct marker
•Placed in appropriate location

Left lateral pelvis xray A.C.E.R?

ARTEFACTS
•No Unexpected artefacts
• Can make note of radiopaque shards in
the colon likely ingested bones
COLLIMATION
• Could be improved by centering more dorsal
over the palpable greater trochanters and reducing
collimated field in the dorso /ventral aspect
•See yellow box
EXPOSURE
• EI: 113 indicates underexposed
•Slight grainy appearance through the acetabulum, though joints are visible and detail is preserved
•Good, though slightly underexposed
REPEAT?
•No
•This image is of acceptable radiographic
quality
•It is not perfect, but it is diagnostic

Extended Ventro Dorsal (VD) Pelvis P.A.L.

POSITIONING
•No rotation of the pelvis evident by symmetry of the ilium and obturator foramen
•The left femur is extended well with the patella nicely centred over the distal femur
• The right femur is slightly adducted and internally rotated as the patella is sitting medially over the distal femur
ANATOMY
•Not all anatomy required is included
•CRANIAL Ilium
•CAUDAL Stifle joint **MISSING*
•LATERALLY Skin margins
LABELLING
•Correct marker
•Placed in appropriate location

Extended Ventro Dorsal (VD) Pelvis A.C.E

ARTEFACTS
•Artefact present from our tying technique
and foam underpad
COLLIMATION
•Could be improved by centring more distal to
include the entire field of interest
•See yellow box
EXPOSURE
•EI: 151 indicates under exposed
• Some grainy tissue can be seen in the caudal
abdomen but his is not our region of interest
•Good bony detail
•Good
REPEAT?
•Yes
•We need to include the stifle joints and abduct
and externally rotate the right femur

Lateral left stifle P.A.L.

POSITIONING
•Minimal rotation of the femur evidenced by the lateral and medial condyles not being entirely superimposed
ANATOMY
• All required anatomy is included
• DORSAL Distal 1/3 Femur
• VENTRAL Proximal 1/3 Tibia/Fibula
• CRANIAL Skin Margins
• CAUDAL Skin margins
LABELLING
•Correct marker
•Appropriate position

Lateral left stifle A.C.E.R.

ARTEFACTS
•None present
•Can note presence of ball bearing. It is 25mm in diameter and is used to calibrate measuring tools for accurate surgical measurements

COLLIMATION
•Appropriate centring, could include slightly less femur
•See yellow box

EXPOSURE
•EI: 1287 indicates large overexposure
• Good bony cortical and medullary detail
•Good soft tissue detail
•Good
• Very high EI number could be explained by the amount of 'black' in the image throwing off the calculation

REPEAT?
•No
•This is image is of acceptable radiographic quality
•Note: If this were pre op for surgical
intervention ( eg , TPLO) the full Tibia/Fibula needs to
be included, the angle of the stifle joint needs to be
90degrees (or 135 for other surgeries) and the rotation of the femoral condyles would need to be addressed

flow meter

a device used to control the rate of oxygen being delivered in liters per minute

Vapourisers

Add inhalant, to maintain anaesthesia in the patient

Common Gas Outlet (CGO)

The o2 and inhalant exit through here towards the patient, and is where we attach our breathing system

Rebreathing system

Anesthetic breathing circuits in which the exhaled gas is recirculated to the patient with CO2 removed.

Y-piece rebreather

most common type of rebreathing circuit

Soda lime canister

Contains soda lime which absorbs the carbon dioxide and water vapour expired by the patient.

Spill valve

The valve in an anesthesia ventilator that allows excess gases in the breathing system to be sent to the scavenging system after the bellows or piston has become fully filled during exhalation.

Non-rebreathing system

Anesthetic breathing circuits in which exhaled gases are discharged to the environment and do not pass back to the patient. co2 is removed by a high flow rate

Radiation dosemeter

A badge that is worn under your PPE lead gown to measure the dosage of radiation you are receiving

Radiation PPE

Only protects from scatter and never the primary beam; Lead apron, gloves, thyroid cover.
Time, distance, sheilding

Xray Positioning- Abdo DV

Centre: Umbilicus, Midway
between last rib and pelvic inlet
Collimate:
Cranial: Last rib/ diaphragm
Caudal: Greater trochanter of
femur
Lateral: Skin edges
Trough/Sandbags to prevent
rotation
Forelimbs secured with sandbags