Module 3 Test Review Flashcards

Flashcards for Module 3 Test Review based on lecture notes.

What members are found in the Phylum Bryophyta?

Members found in the Phylum Bryophyta are mosses.

Give two reasons why the mosses require a most environment for survival.

Mosses require a moist environment for survival because they rely on water for reproduction and lack vascular tissue for efficient water transport.

Name the immature gametophyte generation of a bryophyte.

Protonema

Why are bryophytes considered to be the most primitive land plants?

Bryophytes are considered the most primitive land plants because they lack vascular tissue and require water for reproduction.

Name and identify the functions of the two types of vascular tissue.

Xylem and Phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports sugars (food).

Describe the environments where ferns live and explain why they depend on water.

Ferns depend on water for reproduction (sperm need to swim to eggs) and live in moist environments to prevent desiccation.

Explain the structural advance the ferns have over the mosses.

Ferns have vascular tissue, allowing for more efficient transport of water and nutrients compared to mosses.

Name the male and female gametangia on a fern gametophyte.

Antheridia (male) and Archegonia (female).

Explain why the fern sporophyte generation is considered dominant over the gametophyte generation.

The fern sporophyte generation is considered dominant because it is larger, more complex, and photosynthetic.

What is a prothallium?

A small, heart-shaped gametophyte in ferns.

Vascular plants consist of three main body systems. What are they and what are their functions?

Roots, stems, and leaves. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water/nutrients; stems provide support and transport; leaves are the site of photosynthesis.

Describe the three types of ground tissue found in vascular plants.

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma. Parenchyma is for storage and photosynthesis; Collenchyma provides flexible support; Sclerenchyma provides rigid support.

What is the evolutionary advantage of seed production over spore production?

Seed production provides a protective coat, a food supply, and facilitates dispersal compared to spore production.

How do the sporophyte and gametophyte compare in seed-bearing plants?

In seed-bearing plants, the sporophyte is dominant and the gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.

Why are the seed plants better adapted to life on land than the ferns?

Seed plants have seeds, vascular tissue, and other adaptations that make them better suited to drier terrestrial habitats compared to ferns.

What are the two major divisions of seed plants?

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Why are the Gymnosperms called the "naked seed" plants? Describe the male and female gametophytes of the gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms are called "naked seed" plants because their seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. The male gametophyte is pollen, and the female gametophyte is inside the ovule.

Describe the 2 types of cones in the gymnosperms. Indicate where the seeds are found.

Pollen cones (male) produce pollen, and seed cones (female) contain ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization.

Explain how pollination and fertilization occur in gymnosperms.

Pollination occurs when pollen grains are transferred to the ovule. Fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus inside the ovule.

Describe the structure of a pollen grain.

A pollen grain is a structure containing the male gametophyte, consisting of a few cells enclosed in a protective wall.

What are the differences between a monocot and a dicot plant?

Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, and flower parts in multiples of three, while dicots have two cotyledons, net-like leaf venation, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.

What are meristems? Give a couple of examples.

Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells in plants. Examples include apical meristems (at the tips of roots and shoots) and lateral meristems (cambium).

What is the function of the cuticle? the stoma?

The cuticle prevents water loss from the plant's surface, while the stoma allows for gas exchange (CO2 uptake and O2 release).

In terms of plant stems, what is the difference between primary and secondary growth?

Primary growth is the increase in length of stems and roots, while secondary growth is the increase in thickness or girth of stems and roots.

What is the difference between herbaceous and woody stems?

Herbaceous stems are non-woody and typically live for one growing season, while woody stems are rigid and can live for multiple years.

Describe the cause of the development of annual rings.

Annual rings are caused by the variation in the size of xylem cells produced during different seasons. Wider rings indicate favorable growing conditions, while narrower rings indicate less favorable conditions.

What are the two types of roots? Give an example of each.

Fibrous roots (e.g., grasses) and taproots (e.g., carrots).

Describe how a plant is able to obtain water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves of the plant.

Plants obtain water and nutrients from the soil through the roots. Water is transported through the xylem, and nutrients are actively transported into the plant.

How is food (sugars) transported throughout the plant?

Food (sugars) is transported throughout the plant via the phloem through a process called translocation.

What are some characteristics of angiosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers, fruits, and endosperm in their seeds.

Describe 'double fertilization' in angiosperms.

Double fertilization involves one sperm fertilizing the egg to form the zygote and another sperm fertilizing the polar nuclei to form the endosperm (food source for the developing embryo).

Define the following terms: sepal, petal, stamen, carpel.

Sepal: a modified leaf that encloses and protects the developing floral buds; Petal: a modified leaf of a flowering plant; Stamen: the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower; Carpel: the female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Explain how pollination and fertilization occur in angiosperms

Pollination occurs when pollen grains land on the stigma of the flower. Fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus inside the ovule within the ovary.

Describe the differences in where seeds are found in the angiosperms as compared to the gymnosperms (the naked seed plants)

In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed within fruits. In gymnosperms, seeds are "naked" and not enclosed in a fruit.

Describe the co-evolution between angiosperms and insects

Many angiosperms rely on insects for pollination, offering them nectar or pollen as a reward. The structure and color of the flower often match the preferences and morphology of specific pollinators.