Fitness and Measurement

Measurement

an assessment or collection of information

Test

a tool used to make a particular measurement

Evaluation

an interpretation of a score. This requires a set standard.

Kinesmetrics

measurement and evaluation in kinesiology

Norm-Referenced Standards

how performance compares to others

SAT/percentile are examples of what standard?

Norm-referenced standards

Criterion-Referenced Standards

compares a performance relative to a criterion. Typically is pass/fail

Drivers test is an example of what standard?

Criterion-Referenced Standard

Formative Evaluation

an initial or intermediate evaluation. Used for tracking progress and short term goals.

Summative Evaluation

a final evaluation. Used for long term goals

Reliability

Consistency of measurement

Validity

truthfulness of measurement

Validity requires:

reliability and relevance

Selective Model

Testing is performed at the end of the unit of instruction. The purpose of the test is generally to produce grades. The test results are compared to a group of scores, hoping to identify individual differences. This is also called norm referenced.

Mastery-Based Model

Also called criterion referenced, because the individual score is evaluated in terms of a criterion measure. Those that surpass the criterion level of behavior are termed masters, and those that do not, non-masters. There is no concern about how students compare with each other.

Six general purposed for fitness and measurement

placement, diagnosis, prediction, motivation, achievement, program evaluation

Affective Domain of Human Performance

psychological or emotional attributes (krathwhol, bloom, masia)

Cognitive Domain of Human Performance

knowledge based information (Bloom)

Psychomotor Domain of Human Performance

movement, reflexive, basic motor, perceptual motor abilities, physical abilities, skilled movements (Harrow)

Domains of Human Performance are Hierarchical in nature

knowledge > comprehension > application > analysis > synthesis > evaluation

Descriptive Statistics

mathematical summaries of performance (the best score) and performance characteristics (central tendency)

Inferential Statistics

concerned with determining the properties within and between sets of numbers (populations) from information gathered on a smaller portion (sample) of the numbers. (infer from a sample to a population)

Continous variable

can have a virtually infinite number of possible values

Time, distance, and weight are example of what variable

Continuous variable

Discrete Variable

variable that has specific values and that cannot have values between these specific values

number of kids/number of points in a game are examples of what variable?

Discrete variable

Nominal Scale

Categorical data without a specific order.

Gender is an example of what scale?

Nominal Scale

Ordinal Scale

A scale of measurement using ranks rather than actual numbers.

Finishing in first place at a race is an example of what scale

ordinal scale

Scale or Continuous Scale

have a distinct place on a number line. can be interval or ratio.

Interval

zero is arbitrarily chose. (zero is just a number not the lowest you can go)

Temperature or IQ is an example of (interval/ratio)

interval

Ratio

has a true zero. Meaning the total absence of a quality.

The order of scales goes

(lowest) nominal < ordinal < interval < ration (highest)

Frequency Distribution

A method of organizing data that involves noting how often each of the various scores occur

Measurements of Central Tendency

Mean, Median, Mode

Mean

the most stable and reliable measure. Does not represent skewed data.

Median

the middle score in a distribution; works well for skewed data

Mode

the most unstable measure of central tendancy

Kurtosis

the peakedness of a curve

Mesokurtic

(meh) normal curve; average peak

Platykurtic

(plateau) flat curve; low peak

Leptokurtic

(leap) steep curve; high peak

Negatively Skewed

-1 outliers to the left

Positively Skewed

+1 outliers to the right

Measures of Variability

Range, Inter-percentile Range, Variance, standard deviation

Range

least stable measure of variability,

Inter percentile Range

Used with median; how the scores vary about the median.

Interquartile range

(X.75 - X.25) the most common

Variance

measure the spread of a set of scores based on the average of the squared deviation of each score from the mean. most stable measure of variability

Standard Deviation

square root of the variance. linear measure of variability

Standard scores

a set of observations that have been standardized around a given M (mean) and stdev.

Z-score

most fundament score; have a mean score of 0 and a stdev of 1 (X - M) / S ---- (score-mean)/stdev

T-score

has a mean of 50 and Stdev of 10; T = 50 + 10(X - M) / S

Correlation Coefficient (r)

-1 to +1 ; zero indicates no relationship

Correlation Coefficient (does/doesn't) indicate cause-and-effect relationship?

does not

Alpha level

0.05 ; the chance of results happening only by random chance

Type 1 Error

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true (significant when its not)

Type 2 Error

Accepting null hypothesis when you should have rejected it (not signifiant when it is)

Chi-Square

examines differences in nominal data

Independent t-test

examines differences in a continuous variable between two independent groups (differences between girls and boys)

Dependent t-test

examines differences in two related groups on a continuous variable (pre and post measurement)

One-way ANOVA (f value)

examines differences in two related groups on a continuous variable

Two-way ANOVA test

examines one dependent value with two or more independent values

Post-Hoc test

performed if the one-way ANOVA results are significant. (use SCHEFFE)

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