Reproductive

genitalia

organs of reproduction and associated structures

external genitalia

reproductive organs outside the body

internal genitalia

reproductive organs protected inside the body

perineum

external surface region between the pubic symphysis and coccyx

male perineum

extends from the scrotum to the area around the anus

female perineum

extends from the pubis symphysis to the area around the anus

scrotum

surrounds, protects, supports the testicles

testicles

two small, egg-shaped glands that produce sperm

epididymis

coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis attaching to each testicle

semen formation

whitish fluid containing sperm ejaculated through the urethra

sperm(atozoa)

male gametes found in the seminiferous tubules

erection

swelling, hardness, stiffness associated with sexual stimulation

glans penis

sensitive region at the tip of the penis

foreskin

retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane

the vas deferens

long, narrow continuations of each epididymis

seminal vesicles

glands that secrete thick, yellow substance to nourish sperm cells

ejaculatory duct

begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland, empties to urethra

the prostate gland

under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra, secrete a thick, alkaline fluid into semen during ejaculation

the bulbourethral glands

below the prostate gland on either side of the urethra, secrete pro-ejaculate during sexual arousal

urethra

passes through the penis to the exterior of the body, serves and reproductive and urinary system

urologist

diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and urinary system of females

balanitis

inflammation of the glans penis caused by poor hygiene

phimosis

narrow opening of foreskin preventing retraction

erectile dysfunction

inability to achieve or maintain penile erection

peyronic’s disease

penis bent or curved during erection

priapism

painful erection lasting over four hours not accompanied by sexual excitement

premature ejaculation

male reaches climax too soon

andropause

decrease of testosterones

cryptorchidism

one or both testes fail to descend to their normal position during development

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis by infection

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord

spermatocele

cyst in the epididymis

testicular cancer

cancer in the testicles

testicular torsion

sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting the vas deferens and blood vessels

testitis

inflammation of the testicle

varicocele

knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

azoospermia

absence of sperm in semen

oligospermia

sperm count below 20 million per mL semen

hematospermia

blood in the seminal fluid

sperm count

testing of semen to determine volume, number, shape, size, and mobility of sperm

testicular self-examination

self-help in early detection of testicular cancer

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin

orchidectomy

removal of one or both testes

orchiopexy

repair of an undescended testicle

varicoceletomy

removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele

castration

removal or destruction of both testicles

vasectomy

removal of a small portion of the vas deferems

vasovasostomy

attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male

chlamydia

caused by bacterium chlamydia trachomatis, most common STD in the US, highly contagious

bacterial vaginosis

abnormal growth of bacteria in the vagina

genital herpes

caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2, itching and burning before lesions appear, high contagious, no cure

genital warts

caused by human papillomarviruses (HPV)

gonorrhea

caused by the bacterium Nerisseria gonorrhoeae

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

transmitted through infected body fluids

trichomoniasis

infection of the parasite Trichomonas Vaginalis

mons pubis

rounded, fleshy prominence over the pubic symphysis

bulba

includes labia, clitoris, barotholin’s glands, vaginal orifice

labia majora/minora

vaginal lips that protect other external genitalia and urethra meatus

urethral meatus

external opening of the urethra

clitoris

organ of sensitive, erectile tissue, anterior to the urethral meatus and vaginal orifice

barotholin’s glands

produces a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina

vaginal orifice

exterior opening to the vagina

hymen

mucous membrane that partially coves the opening and can be torn during the first instance of intercourse

breasts

made of fat, connective tissue, and mammary glands

mammary glands

milk-producing glands

lactiferous ducts

milk form the mammary glands to the nipple

nipple

surrounded by the dark-pigmented areola

ovaries

pair of small, almond-shaped organs in the lower abdomen on either side of the uterus

follicle

fluid-filled sac with a single ovum

ova

female gametes, after puberty, one matures and is released monthly

fallopian tubes

extend from upper uterus towards an ovary

infundibulum

funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near an ovary

fimbriae

fringed, finger-like extensions of the infundibulum

uterus

pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and mucous membrane

anteflexion

normal position where the body when the uterus is bent forward

fundus

bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes

corpus

middle position/body of the uterus

cervix

lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina

perimetrium

tough, membranous outer layer of the uterus

myometrium

muscular middle layer of the uterus

endometrium

inner layer with specialized epithelial mucosa rich in blood vessels of the uterus

vagina

muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior

menstration

normal period discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg

menarche

beginning of menstrual function

menstrual cycle

roughly 28 days but varies

menopause

termination of menstrual function in a woman during middle age

perimenopause

transition between normal menstrual periods and menopause

ovulation

release of a mature egg from a follicle on an ovary (13/14th day of cycle)

corpus luteum

secretes progesterone during second half of the menstrual cycle

progesterone

hormone that maintains the growth of uterine lining

coitus

male ejaculates 100 million sperm into the vagina into the fallopian tubes

conception

sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum, forming a zygote

implantation

embedding of the zygote into the uterine lining

embryo

developing child between implantation and 8th week of pregnancy

fetus

developing child between 8ths week of pregnancy and birth

fraternal twins

separated ova fertilized by separate sperm cells, forming separate embryos

identical twins

single ovum fertilized by singly sperm, forming two embryos

chorion

thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo

plcaenta

temporary organ in the uterus that exchanges nutrients and waste products to prevent blood contamination