History Exam 1

Spousal Relationships (Native Americans)

\-Bride had a choice in husband

\-No outward displays of affection

\-could obtain divorces easily

\-polygamy

\-pre-marital sex was common

Clans/Kinship (Native Americans)

* Everyone shares an ancestor
* very important to identity
* worst punishment was being extra sized by clan
* village=several clans

Native American Women

\-Europeans believed they were exploited and doing all the work

\-Had more respect and status in this culture

Oral Culture (Native Americans)

* elderly held all the knowledge and wisdom
* held history of clans/tribe/nations
* valued elderly, held a lot of respect

Economics (Native Americans)

Trading was an expression of friendship and goodwill. They were generally self sufficient and traded goods that would prove goodwill.

Native American Religion

Polytheistic- many different gods, goddesses, and dieties

* permeated every aspect of life

Animism- respect for nature, everything has a soul

Everything is connected and requires balance, can take what you need but do not waste

Manitou- dreams were considered a way to guide people and, how deities would contact people

Warfare and Torture (Native Americans)

War of Revenge- to right a wrong, would fight over land and commodities

Mourning Wars- raided and kidnapped men to replace husband who died

Torture of Prisoners

Tribal Organizations

Chiefs- achieved status and prestige, were good warriors, good persuasion skills

Land

* Alliances: Iroquois confederacy

East Coast Native American Tribes

* Semi-sedentary- sometimes on the move, sometimes staying out
* Corn (maize) was primary food source
* Gardens were very efficient despite outwards appearance of disorganization
* Fishing- built fires on boats to attract fish at night

Southeast Native American Tribes

Mississippian Culture

* sedentary (mound builders)
* cahokia tribe
* human sacrifice (natchez)
* assistance to chief when they died

Great Plains Native American Tribes

* Rolling hills, tall grasses
* not a lot of forest-less game
* less rainfall-less rivers/water source
* reliance on buffalo
* hide for clothes
* fat for grease
* dung for fires
* hooves for glue
* bones for weapons/structure
* Nomadic- followed food source, lived in teepees

Southwest Native American Tribes

* even less water sources
* both labor of men and women necessary
* Arid environment- built homes out of dirt and mud on side of cliff (pueblos)
* intense cultivation- utilized rainfall through irrigation system
* Hohoken tribe

Pacific-North West Native American Tribes

* forested, frequent rainfall, much game
* No big need to plant crops

Indian Agency

Native Americans were in control, selective in what they embraced/adopted

Social aspect of West African Society

\-lives in clans

\-women had a higher status in society

\-Europeans had same biases on them as the Native Americans

\-Bride Price:men would sell items to a women family-showed a gesture of sincerity (looked down upon by Europeans despite similar practice)

Religious aspect of West African Society

Animism: everything has a soul, respect of nature

\-Week of peace: no harsh words spoken before harvest tp placate earth goddess

\-Ancestral spirits

\- Islam (some Africans were Muslim)-spread through traders

Peasants in European Society

\-85% of population, infant mortality 25%

\-No upper mobility

\-idea of a new start was appealing

Patriarchal Society

\-Men: head of household

\-Women: no status, dowry, coveture

\-Primogeniture: sons birth order mattered-eldest son inherits everything, other sons saw opportunity in America

Economic Motivation

Desire for resources not found in Europe

Political Motivation

Desire for more wealth as compared to other Nation States. The more you have the less they have.

Religious Motivation

Obligation to go forth and share christian faith and make disciples.

Technological Motivation

\-astrolabe: navigation using the stars

\-better ships, sails, armor, firearms

Prince Henry the Navigator (early 1400’s)

\-Had schools train mariners with the newest technology

\-found better route around Africa and Asia

Prince Henry (early 1400’s)

Bartholomeo Diaz (1488)

Vasco Da Gama (1497-98)

Portugese Explorers

Christopher Columbus (1492)

Sails west (4 journeys), thought he was in Asia, believed Earth was smaller than it was, dies thinking he found another way to Asia, placed harsh treatments of Native Americans, placed gold quota which led to overworked and sick Natives.

Ferdinand Magellan

Circumnavigated the world (died before he made it back, much of crew survived the whole trip)

Hernando Cortez (1519)

Aztec Empire-population of 25 million, capital (tenochitlan), ruler Montezuma, 400,000 warriors, performed human sacrifices-had many enemies

This person believed that there was large wealth, power, and glory from Aztecs. Forms plan and gathers army. Wants to enlist enemies of Aztecs. Montezuma sends messengers to gain info about this person who then uses messengers to demonstrate Spanish power.

This person captures Montezuma, which results in Aztecs rising up. Spaniards are run out and Montezuma dies in battle. Disease then ravages Aztecs (small pox)

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Francisco Pizzerò (1532)

This person hears of Incan Empire-who like the Aztecs is also very powerful, vast and wealthy.

Leader, Atahualpa, is unimpressed with this person and is complacent, guarded by 8,000 guards.

This person leads capture of Atahualpa, and the empire becomes paralyzed. Atahualpa becomes desperate and a ransom is set up. Wealth this delivered but this person threatens to kill Atahualpa. Makes a deal that if he converts to Catholicism he will be strangled instead of death by fire.

St. Augustine (1565)

First permanent European settlement

Created as a base to protect land

Viceroyalty (viceroys)

* leaders of region in New World
* these people tried to implement Spanish rules but settlers were not happy
* used position to gain wealth and control
* had a lot of leeway in how they ruled region

Encomienderos

Spanish settlers who were loyal to the crown were given a village of Indians. Supposed to take care of Indians however this was not the case.

Encomiendas

Indians who were forced to work under encomienderos

Bartolome de las Casas (1474-1566)

* protested against the treatment of Indians in Encomienda system
* went back to Spain and became a big critic of treatment
* tried to convince king to get rid of the system
* King wants to phase out the system however the encomienderos revolted

Catholic Missions

* Built Churches or Missions
* tried to share faith with Indians
* language barrier became a problem
* would sometimes resort to violence
* conversion was very unpopular due to harsh methods

Roanoke Colony (1584)

* Sir Walter Raleigh- wanted to create a military post
* 150 men leave and settle on this colony
* Area hidden from Spanish who owned surrounding land
* Men started to antagonize/kill Native Americans
* Men leave and go back to Europe

Roanoke Colony (1587)

* Ships arrive to find settler left behind
* fleet of ships leave people on this colony and come back in 1590
* No sign of settlers, no sign of attack or struggle or death
* Possibilities
* CROATOAN
* No one knows for sure what happened
* second attempt to settle Virginia has failed

Virginia Company of London

Joint-stock company that expects to success in this region.

Jamestown 1607 (Virginia)

* Don’t want to be discovered by the Spanish
* unhealthy land and living conditions
* first permanent English settlement
* standing water-mosquitos-disease
* No Native Americans

Powhatan Confederacy (Virginia)

* Chief wanted English Firearms
* sometimes at war with settlers, sometimes nice and willing to trade
* 1622 Attack- surprise attack, 25% of Virginian settlers were killed

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John Smith (Virginia)

* This person brings more men to Jamestown
* Wants to get rich quick and leave
* Drinking brackish water from river-people dying from dysentary
* This person gets injured and returns to England
* After he leaves, Jamestown enters “starving time”

The “starving time” (1609-1610) (Virginia)

* Poor living and land conditions leads to very low amounts of food and sustenance
* People became desperate and resorted to cannibalism
* Eventually stabilizes after the arrival of a new general

Lord De La Warr (Virginia)

* appointed the general and governor of Virginia
* implemented military regime to regain order from the chaos of the starving time
* Has to leave in 1611 due to illness

John Rolfe and Tobacco (1612) (Virginia)

* first settler to be successful in tobacco cultivation


* tobacco grew very well in Virginia soil
* Big source of money

Costs of Growing Tobacco (Virginia)

* Expansion put pressure on Native Americans with settlers taking more land
* African slaves (1619
* first 20 were treated as servants, some owned land
* later slavery was brought about
* Extreme individualism- no sense of community, competitors

House of Burgesses (1619) (Virginia)

* Elect your own assembly
* colonial assembly
* not really a democracy, only those with property could vote

Virginia becomes a royal colony (1624)

* investigation of colonies
* Recommended that the crown takes over
* dissolves royal Virginia company

Results in….

British Caribbean

* Barbados, Jamaica, Bahamas- sugarcane grows well
* Economy- sugarcane is main cash crop
* Brutal slavery

1632

Maryland

Propriety Colony (Maryland)

Given to families loyal to the crown who divided up land

Calvert family- given 10 million acres of land out of religious motivation

* want profit from this land

Calvert family (Maryland)

* catholics
* intended Maryland to be a haven for catholics

Maryland

Haven for Catholics

* Calvert’s tried to recruit Catholics
* some came, but it was mostly protestants

Maryland Values

* tobacco was main money source
* religious freedom-can worship who/what you want
* House of Delegates (1635)-not pure democracy, must own property

Northern Carolina Region

* given to several proprietors by king
* those loyal to monarch
* Again these proprietors want to profit
* more development, more population, more land/profit
* Head right system-bring people over and you get land
* Naval stores- timber for ships (very forested), pitch and tar (made from pine trees)-waterproof wood seams and ropes
* Tarheels-nickname

Southern Carolina Region

* People coming from Barbados
* Head right system
* African American population bigger than white (similar to Barbados
* Experiment with rice growing
* very labor intensive
* more laid back form of slavery at first, eventually becomes more brutal

1729

Due to tensions between the two Carolina regions, South Carolina was established in _____

Georgia Experiment

* English wanted to create a buffer from Spanish Florida to protect South Carolina which was a very lucrative colony
* James Oglethorpe’s idea put into play
* Many regulations put in
* Small amounts of land given (500 acres)
* No slavery is permitted
* wants small farmers to develop a good work ethic
* people start complaining about not being able to have slaves
* Board of Directors and Oglethorpe’s plan did not pan out

James Oglethorpe (Georgia)

* realizes that there are many people in Englands prisons who didn’t really do anything wrong and just needed a second chance
* King George finds this persons idea to bring the poor over would provide the perfect solution to his buffer situation
* Envisions a community of small farms

Georgia

Haven for worthy poor

Georgia becomes a Royal colony (1752)

After Oglethorpe’s death, Georgia starts to change and become more like South Carolina. This results in…

Roots of New Englands Settlers Discontent (Massachusetts)

* King Henry VII basically breaks away from Catholicism and creates the Church of England (protestant) and becomes the head of the church
* Puritans want to make changes and are disconnect with the way things are run

Puritan

Member of the Church of England who wants to reform it of its catholic ways and become more protestant.

* Believed each congregation should run itself and make their own rules
* focus on sermon (rituals and ceremonies are distractions)

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Pilgrims (separatists)

Want to break away from church and worship in their own way

* Mayflower-35 pilgrims

Plymouth 1620 (Massachusetts)

* meant to go to Virginia but landed in this place
* They stayed there (Virginia was associated with Anglican Church, and pilgrims/puritans had already been persecuted in England)
* William Bedford was the leader
* Relied on Native Americans

Settlement of Massachusetts Bay (1630)

* Settled by Puritans
* John Winthrop- organizes feels of 11 ships with thousands of Puritans
* “A model of Christian Charity”
* Government
* Governor and General court legislature
* town meetings/meeting house
* Definition of Saints-only saints (church members) could vote and have a say
* large sense of community due to the organization of Puritan towns

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Puritan Migration (Massachusetts)

* Effort to bring entire family and settle to put down roots
* 20,000 moved to this region, puritans dominated this population

Puritan Church (Massachusetts)

* Required to attend, cannot criticize sermon, basically persecuted those who did not want to follow puritan church
* conversion relation- how following christianity changed their lives, testemonies
* congregationalism- voting on if someone is a pure and true christian

Calvinism and the “Elect” (Massachusetts)

* predestination-no role in where you go, nothing you can do, all up to God
* People start looking for signs that they are one of the “elect”
* place a lot of importance in works which had been believed to show evidence of salvation

Importance of Education (Massachusetts)

* became a priority so that children could read the Bible
* Old Deluder Act
* Harvard College (1636)-Religious origin, used to teach ministers

Old Deluder Act (1647)

Towns and villages with 50+ homes must have a teacher, 100+ needed a school

Puritan Society (Massachusetts)

Patriarchal Authority- Fathers had control over the property

Role of Women

* coverture still around
* puritan women were to be a husband’s helpmate and not an equal
* must obey husbands
* evidence suggests that women were happy

Importance of Morality

* covenant with God
* God will bless them as long as they fulfill God’s wish and followed the Bible
* Punishments- meant to punish ungodly behavior like missing service and criticism
* public humiliation was popular

Puritans and Native Americans (Massachusetts)

Praying Towns-John Eliot

* taught Indians how to read the Bible in their own language and be able to attend church

Pequot War (1637)

* Powerful tribe accused of killing some puritan traders
* Got people together to raid Pequot villages
* those who did not die from the fire were sold into slavery
* Colonists’ total war tactics

King Philip’s War (1675-1676) (Massachusetts)

* surprise attack
* 90 puritan towns
* enlisted Indian allies and attacked 52 puritan towns and completely destroyed 25. Adopted European way of fighting.

Roger Williams

* Believed Native Americans were rightful owners of land
* believed in separation of church and state
* should be able to decide what you want to believe and not suffer persecution
* threatened to be banished back to England- escapes and makes his way into Rhode Island
* Creates providence settlement (1630’s)-purchases land from Native Americans

Rhode Island

Haven for religious dissenters

Rhode Island Colony (1644)

* Haven for religious dissenters
* Elected Assembly
* Believers baptism when you make a profession of faith

Anne Hutchinson

* very pious, intelligent, and religious
* memorized a lot of scripture
* moves to puritan colony
* wants to hold ministry in home to give women who had to miss the Sunday sermon a chance to hear it
* starts to add her own opinion
* takes issue with the idea of works
* believes Elect know through faith alone
* challenges puritan and religious authority
* Goes to trial and is able to rebut every allegation with scripture until she makes one little mistake in the end
* is accused of blasphemy and Is banished
* Goes to Rhode Island and is unhappy
* Goes to New York and is killed in Indian attack

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Thomas Hooker

* Departs from Massachusetts because he is unhappy with puritans
* arrives in Hartford settlement Colony of Connecticut (1662)

1679

New Hampshire Colony

Halfway Covenant (1662)

* Children of church members (OG generation) can be part of church and be baptized, but cannot vote or join communion
* believe that these children will become full fledged members later
* compromising beliefs and spiritual nature of church

Change in New England Colonies

1. becoming more like Virginia
2. sense of individualism
3. growth in commerce

Witch Hysteria

Salem

* Tituba
* girls hanging out with her and learning “magic tricks”
* If you confessed to witchcraft you would be spared, just punished
* spectral evidence-would place on others spirits, valid way in court
* 20 people died
* Three explanations
* social tension-village cut into two sides
* East- Wealthy traders, individualism
* West- poor farmers, stronger, puritan commitment, close knit
* West-accusers
* East-accused witches and defenders
* Independent women
* accused witched-independent middle aged, argumentative, living outside puritan expectations
* adolescent girls
* expectations, orphaned, didn’t think they had good futures, fungus-hallucinations

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New York (1624)

New Netherlands (Dutch)

* Henry Hudson-sails up what he hopes is the Northwest passage, does find eager Native Americans willing to trade
* New Amsterdam-old New York City when dutch controlled it
* Not many push factors for dutch to come over (already pretty wealthy)
* English do not like having dutch in New Netherlands as it separates the English colonies, Puritans also trade with dutch which causes English to lose money, lucrative region for trading business
* King Charles II giver brother Duke of York, New Netherlands-dutch surrender
* England takes over in 1644
* free land
* religious toleration
* elected assembly
* appealed to settlers

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New Jersey (1665)

East and West Jersey

* offered free land, elected assembly, religious toleration
* mainly small farmers came in
* proprietors did not make much money

Became united and a royal colony in 1702

1702

New Jersey becomes a royal colony in…

Pennsylvania (1681)

William Penn

* converted to quaker religion
* given land in Pennsylvania by King as a from of repayment for debt owed (Penn’s father was successful admiral)
* Intendeds for it to be haven but also wants it to be a haven
* religious freedom
* elected assembly
* intends for Pennsylvania to be a place of peace and harmony which works until he dies

Quakerism- believed God talked to people through spiritual connection (inner spirit)

* Bible came second
* spiritual equality
* everyone can be saved
* believe that man has corrupted religion-dislike all rituals and ceremonies, don’t believe in priests
* services-everyone sat in silence until someone believed God put something on their heart

Quakers were persecuted-15,000 jailed, 450 executed, William Penn arrested 4 times

Haven for Quakers

Delaware (1682)(1704)

On ___ date, 3 colonies were granted independence and becomes a royal colony

Columbian Exchange

cultural borrowing

* plants and animals
* environmental impact
* disease
* ideas

Indentured Servants

* Men and women who wanted to come to America but could not afford to pay for passage. In exchange for free passage, they would be in indentured servitude for 7 years


* majority were unmarried men in their 20’s
* 3% died on the way over
* 350,000 came (1/2 of all settlers by 1778)

Voluntary servitude

* people who had a desire to go to America
* Contract was signed- these would be auctioned off once people arrived in America

Redemptioner’s

* no servitude contracts
* ships captain would take these families to America but once they arrived they must pay for passage within two weeks- if not payed they must sign servitude contract

Involuntary servitude

* Prisoners/criminals would be given choice between execution or going to America and serving 14 years
* human trafficking
* orphans
* kidnapping

Servants lives-journey over

* very poor conditions
* many sicknesses
* poor provisions
* rising tensions
* homesickness
* death-those who died were thrown overboard-many children
* sometimes parents and children separated when in America

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servants lives- labor

* back breaking labor in tobacco fields
* 14 hour days
* 40% die before their service is up
* restrictions and abuse
* cannot have girlfriend/boyfriend
* no gambling/alcohol
* no congregation after dark
* punishments-years added to service

female servants

* not preferred due to the possibility of pregnancy
* most who became pregnant had a relationship with servant
* common that those who became pregnant would get 12 months added to service
* child would get separated-no contract

Freedom Dues

Given payment to indentured servants that would help set them up after service, many owners would be able to bypass this payment by accusing servants of a crime

Decline of Indentured Servitude

* economics in England improve
* stories of horrible conditions-less people willing to come
* plantation owners needed more laborers- not a long term solution
* slaves became a better investment

Satisfied needs from indentured servitude

1. helped populate the colonies
2. planters needed laborers
3. poor people needed a way over

History of slavery

* long existence in various cultures all over the world
* was more humane especially in Africa
* manumission-a slave gaining freedom through various acts and services
* Chattel slavery-based on race, Americas version was much more brutal, slaves were considered property

The Great Circuit

* Come down the African coast to tade
* trading of slaves for European products
* manufactured products from Europe
* slaves to America (Middle passage)
* 12-15 million African’s brought over
* colonial products to Europe

Slavery-capture, transport, and arrival

* forts built to hold African slaves before being sent over
* brutal middle passage- closely packed, low supplies
* fastened together, lied on their backs, could not stand, no fresh air, poor food
* mortality rate was 12%
* suicide was common
* 2/3rds to half did not make it across