EXAM 2 Med term

Nervous system

The system in the body that gathers, integrates, and makes decisions about information from the environment.

Central nervous system

The division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system

The division of the nervous system that includes the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.

Voluntary

Actions that are under conscious control.

Involuntary

Actions that are not under conscious control.

Cephal/o

Word root meaning "head."

Crani/o

Word root meaning "cranium/skull."

Encephal/o

Word root meaning "brain."

Neural tube defect (NTD)

Defects involving the brain, spinal cord, or both.

Spina bifida

Incomplete formation of vertebrae.

Meninges

Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Anencephaly

Condition where the baby's brain does not form properly.

Hydrocephalus

Condition of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain.

Alzheimer's disease

Progressive mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory and confusion.

Myasthenia gravis

Disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness and drooping of muscles.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Disease where myelin is replaced by plaques of sclerotic tissue in the central nervous system.

Cerebral palsy

Partial or complete loss of motor function due to trauma or anoxia to the brain during birth.

Parkinson's disease

Chronic disease characterized by tremors, muscular weakness, and lack of facial expression.

Epilepsy

Condition characterized by sudden, violent, involuntary contractions of muscles caused by a disturbance in brain function.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges.

Brain tumors

Neoplastic disorders of the brain.

Concussion

Momentary loss of consciousness due to a blow to the head.

Contusion

Bruising or bleeding in the brain.

Bone

A hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural framework of the body

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell

Osteoblast

A bone-forming cell

Osteoclast

A bone-resorbing cell

Periosteum

A dense layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones

Epiphysis

The ends of long bones

Diaphysis

The middle of a long bone; also known as the shaft

Metaphysis

The neck of a long bone that connects the diaphysis with the epiphysis

Skeleton

The framework for the body

Axial

Pertaining to the center of the body

Appendicular

Pertaining to the arms and legs

Crani/o

Pertaining to the skull

Cervic/o

Pertaining to the neck

Spondyl/o

Pertaining to the vertebrae

Brachi/o

Pertaining to the arm

Dactyl/o

Pertaining to the fingers

Carp/o

Pertaining to the wrist

Femor/o

Pertaining to the femur

Tibi/o

Pertaining to the tibia

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone

Ligament

Connects bones to bones

Joint

The point where two bones come together

Arthr/o

Pertaining to the joints

Chondr/o

Pertaining to cartilage

Synovial Fluid

Fluid that lubricates the joints

Arthroscopy

A procedure used to observe the joints

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints

Gout

Metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of uric acid in the blood

Fracture

A break in a bone

Reduction

The process of aligning and setting a broken bone

Internal Fixation

Surgical procedure that uses implants to stabilize a broken bone

External Fixation

Surgical procedure that uses external devices to stabilize a broken bone

Hematoma

A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels

Callus

A mass of tissue that forms at the site of a fracture during the healing process

Bone Cancer

A type of cancer that affects the bones.

Ewing Sarcoma

A type of bone cancer that primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 15.

Osteosarcoma

A type of bone cancer that primarily affects adults.

Dx

Abbreviation for diagnosis.

Bone Scan

A diagnostic test used to detect abnormalities in the bones.

Amputation

Surgical removal of a bone or limb.

Prosthesis

An artificial limb or body part.

Bone Pathology

The study of diseases and abnormalities of the bones.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and an increased risk of fractures.

Osteomalacia

Also known as adult rickets, a condition characterized by softening of the bones.

Kyphosis

Abnormal curvature of the spine, resulting in a humpback or hunchback appearance.

Lordosis

Abnormal curvature of the spine, resulting in a swayback appearance.

Scoliosis

Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

Muscular

Related to muscles.

Myalgia

Muscle pain.

Myoma

A tumor or growth in muscle tissue.

Myositis

Inflammation of muscle tissue.

Musculoskeletal System

The system of bones, muscles, and connective tissues that provide support and movement to the body.

Fascia

A sheet of connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles.

Kinesiology

The study of human movement.

Range of Motion (ROM)

The extent to which a joint can be moved in various directions.

Hyper tonia

Increased muscle tone or tension, often associated with spasticity.

Hypo tonia

Decreased muscle tone or tension, often associated with flaccidity.

Flexion

Bending or decreasing the angle of a joint.

Extension

Straightening or increasing the angle of a joint.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body.

Rotation

Movement around an axis.

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of the foot, bringing the toes towards the shin.

Plantar flexion

Extension of the foot, pointing the toes away from the shin.

Supination

Outward rotation of the forearm, palm facing up.

Pronation

Inward rotation of the forearm, palm facing down.

Gonio/meter

A device used to measure joint angles and range of motion.

Contracture

Abnormal shortening or tightening of muscles, tendons, or other tissues, leading to limited range of motion.

Muscular Dystrophy

A group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.

Muscle Biopsy

A procedure in which a small piece of muscle tissue is removed and examined for diagnostic purposes.

Electro/myo/gram (EMG)

A test that measures the electrical activity of muscles.

Vertebrae

The individual bones that make up the spine.

C1-C7

Abbreviations for the cervical vertebrae, the seven vertebrae of the neck.

T1-T12

Abbreviations for the thoracic vertebrae, the twelve vertebrae of the upper back.

L1-L5

Abbreviations for the lumbar vertebrae, the five vertebrae of the lower back.

S1-S5

Abbreviations for the sacral vertebrae, the five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.