Anatomy 1 test 1

Levels of organization

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Macromolecule
4. Organelle
5. Cell
6. Tissue
7. Organ
8. Organ System
9. Organism

Tissues

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Nervous
4. Muscle

Epithelial Tissue

Body cavities, body surface, secretion and absorption, packed cells, little matrix

Nervous Tissue

Communication, Wiring, electrical impulses

Muscle Tissue

Allows us to move, muscle contraction

Connective tissue

Support and protection, bones, ligaments, tendons, blood, bind tissues

Superior/ Cranial

Towards head or upper end of the body
ex: the head is superior to the abdomen

Inferior/ Caudal

Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body
ex: the abdomen is inferior to the head

Ventral/ Anterior

Towards front of body
ex: the sternum is anterior to the spine

Posterior/ Dorsal

Towards the back of body
ex: the spine is posterior to the sternum

Medial

Towards midline
ex: the big toe is medial to the pinkie toe

Lateral

Away from midline
ex: the pinkie is lateral to the big toe

Intermediate

between a more medial and more lateral structure
Ex: the clavicle is intermediate to sternum and clavicle

Proximal

Closer to the origin
ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Farther from origin
ex: the hand is distal to the shoulder

Superficial/ External

Towards body surface
Ex: the pectoralis major muscle is superficial to the ribs

Deep / internal

away from body surface
ex: the ribs are deep to the pectoralis major

Flexion

bends a joint

Extension

opening of joint

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

towards midline

Dorsiflexion

superior up
toes up
ankle movement letting off the car's gas pedal

Plantarflexion

inferiorly down
toes down
ankle movement stepping on the cars gas pedals

radial deviation

lateral movement of wrist towards radius

ulnar deviation

medial movement of the wrist towards ulna

pronation

movement that turns the palm down
when radius crosses over the ulna

supination

movement that turns the palm up
radius and ulna parallel to each other

elevation

upward movement of a body part

depression

downward movement of a body part

retraction

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

protraction

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

axial region

head, spine, rincage

appendicular

arms, pelvis, legs

Superficial. External

sagittal plane

vertical division into left and right sections

Midsaggital Plane (Median)

sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

frontal plane (coronal plane)

anterior and posterior section (front and back)

Transverse plane

divides into superior and inferior sections

Dorsal cavity

protects nervous system

Cranial cavity

skull, houses brain

spinal cavity

encases spinal cord

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

ribs and muscles, chest

pleural cavities

lungs

pericardial cavity

heart, esophagus, trachea

Serosa

covers walls of body cavities and outer surface of organs

Visceral Pericardium

covers heart

Parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

Visceral peritoneum

covers abdominopelvic organs

Parietal peritoneum

covers the abdominopelvic cavity wall

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

orbital cavities

house the eyes

middle ear cavities

medial to the eardrums
-contain bones that transit sound vibration

synovial cavities

joint cavities enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints

cell theory

cell is the basic unit of life and all cells come from other cells

organelles

parts within a cell
organelles in a cell are what organs are to a human

cytosol

the fluid portion of the cell

plasma membrane

regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell

what are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

prokaryotic

bacteria, smaller, no DNA, no organells

Eukaryotic cells

plants, animals, humans, larger, membrane, organelles

nucleus

contains DNA and is the control center

Nucleolus

center of nucleus

chromosomes

organized form of DNA

GENES

portion of chromosomes

mRNA

DNA is copied so it can leave the nucleus to make proteins

rRNA

DNA found in ribosomes

ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis (assembling proteins)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

after proteins are made, they are modified and transported to ER

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Smooth ER

\`ER that has no ribosomes, responsible for synthesizing lipids\`

Cytoskeleton

protein that provides support and movement within cell

microtubules

hollow cylinders
movement of chromosomes during cell division and in structure of cilia and flagella

MTCOs

microtubule organizing center
microtubules grow outward to assist in movement of chromosomes to two new cells

centrioles

assist in microtubule assembly, inside centrosomes, form a hollow cylinder

microfilaments

actin and myosin cause construction of cell to form two daughter cells
cause muscle contraction

cell coat

made up of polysaccharides side chains, glycoproteins, lipids

cell wall

found in plants and bacteria
bacteria \= thick \= purple \= positive
plant \= red \= thin \= negative

Fluid Mosaic Model

membrane is a phospholipid bilayer where proteins are embedded

What are the cell membrane components?

Lipids and Proteins

Amphipathic phospholipids

lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tales

Cholesterol

stabilizer during high temperature to restrict movement\`

Peripheral proteins

only on one side

Integral proteins

pores, channels, proteins that go all the way through the membrane

Selective permeability

allows only certain materials to pass through membrane

Diffusion

a passive transport, concentration gradient from high conc. to low conc. \`

Active transport

requires energy expenditure, energy needed to move from low conc. to high conc., moved against conc. gradient

What are the special methods of active transport?

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Osmosis

diffusion of water

Isotonic

equal amount of solute inside and outside the membrane

Hypertonic

more solute outside the cell, cell loses water and shrinks

Hypotonic

More solute inside the cell, cell will swell and burst

Facilitated Diffusion

* an integral carrier protein binds to a molecule and releases it -to the other side

OR

* (POLAR) protein changes shape, opening a channel for movement across membrane

Sodium Potassium Pump

maintains electrical imbalance, pumps sodium out and potassium in

\
Exocytosis

removing item from cell

* “exo” = exit
* biomacromolecule is enclosed inside a vesicle, which fuses with the cell membrane, ejecting the molecule from the cell

Endocytosis

bringing molecules in

* “endo” = in
* biomacromolecule outside the cell is enclosed in an invagination of membrane, forming a vesicle inside the cell

Phagocytosis

* white blood cells use this
* pseudopods pinches particle and encloses molecule inside a vesicle
* vesicle detaches from membrane forming a phagosome
* phagosome and lysosome fuse together
* lysosome spits out debris

\

Pinocytosis

“Cell drinks” tiny droplets of fluid

* no pseudopods (“arms”)
* membrane invaginates to form a cup
* forms vesicle from cup
* vesicle releases solute

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

On top of membrane, there are pits of receptors

* receptor proteins in membrane bind with signaling molecule
* edges of pit come together to form vesicle
* vesicle pinches off from membrane
* vesicle merges w organelle called endosome
* vesicle splits into two vesicles
* vesicle w outside molecule goes to lysosome for digestion
* when ligands binds to receptor, it changes shape
* releases ATP energy