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Nomads
Temporary encampments. Basic consideration – terrain, water supply, wind and sun orientation, safety, place for a fire, granary.
Egyptians
Nile River and Ancient Civilization, City of Babylon
Bronze Age
Egypt, Mesopotamia, Valleys of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Hwang Ho are the first cities that appeared. Huts and Traditional Houses.
Iron Age
Earliest building codes specifying structural integrity in housing construction found in the Code of Hammurabi. City planning for the Greek and Roman empires centered almost exclusively on the appropriate placement of urban housing from the perspective of defense and water supply.
Code of Hammurabi
Earliest building codes specifying integrity in housing construction.
Medieval Period
Growth of towns around either a monastery or castle, assumed a radiocentric pattern; relied on protective town walls or fortification for security. Generally, towns evolved with irregular street patterns; Predominance of abbeys and cathedrals indicating church influence.
13th century AD
Many towns with less than 10,000 residents, Few times more than 12 miles because of water consideration.
14th century AD
Florence had 10,000 inhabitants Venice became trading center of Byzantine empire Paris emerged as trading center.
15th - 16th Century AD
Aesthetics as the basic form of planning Established concept of urban design Beauty, form and function combined. Development of capitalist society. The rise of centralized monarchies and transatlantic trade tended to concentrate growth around the royal court (seat of government) or the port as the focus of trade. Capital cities and ports.
Renaissance Period
Linked settlements to transport Built roads to expand empires because of Napoleonic concept of colonization. Built military cities for defense and security. Characterized by square pattern of plans with housing consisting of small apartments for masses and with atrium for the rich.
Ideal Cities
By Leon Battista Alberti, defined to be star shaped plans with street radiating from a central point, usually for a church, palace or castle. Designs usually included curved streets conforming to topography.
Pierre Charles L’enfant
French-American engineer who prepared Plan for Washington D.C.
17th Century
Formal placement of palace, church or civic building (dominant structure). Radiating street with focal points Streets provide a unified facade for grand processions.
18th and 19th Century
Washington, D.C. Imposition of Baroque pattern of radiating avenues on a gridiron plan. English towns Georgian and Regency housing grouped in terrace, crescent, circus and square.
Industrial Revolution (19th Century)
Massive migration of workers who lived in sheds, railroad yards, factory cellars, w/out sanitation facilities and water supply.
Late 19th Century
Britain embarked on public housing development. (Laborers’ Dwelling Act, urban renewal, massive public housing programs).
Post Industrial 20th Century
Approx. 30% of Britain’s housing was publicly subsidized compared to 1%-2% in the US. Britain also constructed new towns/ community developments in contrast to the US.
Federal funds directed almost entirely at people with lower incomes. The government provides assistance to provinces and municipalities and individuals, to be used for neighborhood improvement, the purchase of homes, the rehabilitation of residential housing, and the development of new communities.
The Neighborhood Unit
This idea is very pragmatic: certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can’t or do not travel far, should be provided an accessible central place for a small community within walking distance.
Garden City
By Ebenezer Howard, he divided towns into wards of 5,000 people each of which would contain local shops, schools & other services.
Letchworth Garden City
The first Garden City The Hampstead Garden Suburb by Raymond Urwin and Barry Parker. A dormitory suburb owing its existence to the new underground opened in 1907. A socially mixed community, with every type of house from the big mansion to small cottage & its creating of a range of houses which are skillfully designed, all varied yet all quietly compatible, it is one of the triumphs of 20th century British design.
The Hampstead Garden Suburb
Built by the City of Manchester at Wythenshawe, south of the city. Called the 3rd Garden City by Barry Paker, with surrounding greenbelt, mixture of industrial & residential areas; emphasis on single-family housing of good design. The ground plan shows influence of the neighborhood unit. They developed some important modifications of the original Ebenezer Howard idea.
“Nothing Gained by Overcrowding!”
Written by Raymond Unwin. It is a very influential pamphlet published in 1912. Principle of generous green belts around the new communities – the “background of open space” between cities should be occupied by building, parkways, i.e. scenic roads running through landscaped open country, giving easy interconnection between them. Adaptation of inter-urban railway as motor age.
(1) Housing should be developed at lower densities
(2) The need for public open space
The New York Regional Plan
By Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein. It is a great multi-volume plan, prepared wholly by a voluntary organization is one of the milestones of 20th century planning – one of the contributors to the plan was Clarence Perry who developed the neighborhood unit idea, not merely a pragmatic device but as a deliberate piece of social engineering which would help people achieve its sense of identity with the community & with the place.
“A City is Not a Tree”
By Christopher Alexander. He suggested that sociologically the whole idea of Perry and Stein was false:
(1) different people have varied needs for local services and
(2) principle of choice was paramount.
Clarence Stein
An architect planner working in NY region, had taken the concept of the neighborhood unit further. He developed his own version of the garden city. These include many key components of modernist city planning as well as what would become standard planning practice for suburban development: The Superblock.
The Superblock
By Clarence Stein. (traceable to Raymond Unwin’s garden city work); cul-de-sac; specialized roadways and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and the neighborhood unit with an elementary school at its center (also developed by Clarence Perry).
Patrick Geddes
Scottish biologist; taught at University of Dundee “Human Ecology” - the relationship between man and his environment. – led to a systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities, which culminated in his masterpiece “Cities in Evolution”. Coined the term ‘conurbation’. He was associated with French sociologist Pierre Guillaume Frédéric Le Play.
“Cities in Evolution”
A book published in 1915 about the systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities.
Conurbation
Describes a region with number of cities and with growing towns and suburbs.
Patrick Geddes & Pierre Guillaume Frédéric Le Play
They stressed the intimate and subtle relationship between human settlement and the land through the nature of local economy.
Place – Work – Folk Triad
By Patrick Geddes & PGF Le Play. Le Play’s famous triad was the fundamental study of men living and on their land.
Jane Jacobs
Wrote “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” as one of the most influential books in planning. She argued that there is nothing wrong with high urban densities of people so long as they do not entail overcrowding in buildings. “Yuppification” of the city.
Elements of a Community
Neighborhood
District
Corridor
Street
Block
Building
Neighborhood
A geographic area within which residents conveniently share the common services and facilities needed in the vicinity of their dwellings often set by physical boundaries.
Principles of an Ideal Neighborhood
The neighborhood has a center and an edge.
The optimal size of a neighborhood is a 400 meters from center to edge.
The neighborhood has a balanced mix of activities - dwelling, shopping, working, schooling, worshipping and recreating.
The neighborhood creates blocks with a network of interconnecting streets and pedestrian routes.
The neighborhood gives priority to public space and to the appropriate location of civic buildings.
District
An urbanized area that is functionally specialized.
Corridor
At once the connector and the separator of neighborhoods and districts.
Street
Not the dividing lines within the city, but communal rooms and passages. Properly designed curbs and sidewalks at intersections that accommodate the impaired street parking protects pedestrians from the actual perceived danger of moving traffic.
Pattern
Street network. Connectedness and continuity of movement.Variety of alternative paths connecting various destinations shall minimize the traffic load on any one street.
Hierarchy
Variety of streets based on their pedestrian and vehicular loads. Assign streets to be accessible to both vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Distances between intersections and a proper rhythm of building form on given blocks encourage walkability.
Figure
The architectural character of streets is to be based on their configuration in plan and section. Building heights are to be proportional to right-of-way widths. The number of traffic lanes will balance vehicle flow and pedestrian crossing consideration.Shirts and scale within street sections is to be accomplished by the design of the landscape, building edges and other vertical streetscape elements
Detail
The design of streets shall favor their proper use by pedestrians. The governing principles are minimized block radii to slow cars at intersections, allowing easy crossing by pedestrians.
Block
The field on which unfolds both the building fabric and the public realm of the city. Allows a mutually beneficial relationship between people and vehicles in urban space.
Size
Blocks may be square, rectangular, or irregular in shape. Between 250-600 feet allows single buildings to easily reach the edges of blocks at all densities forces parking to be located away from the sidewalk, either underground, in the middle of the block or in the street.
Configuration
City blocks are to be lofted so that all their sides can define public space. A variety of widths and depths of individual lots determine the range of building types and densities that will eventually establish the intended city fabric.
Street Ground
At its perimeter, each block is to be divided into parkway, sidewalk, and setback. Within each block, lobbies, major ground floor interior spaces and public gardens of all kinds and sizes are to be understood as an extension of the public space of the city.
Street Walls
The predominant visual character of all built fabric depends on several attributes of building envelopes: their height, mandated setbacks, and projections define the enclosure of the street.
Parking
The omnipresence of cars within the public realm threatens the vitality of cities.
Landscape
Regularly planted trees along blocks shall establish the overall space and scale of the street as well as that of the sidewalk. These artifacts from man’s historical contact with nature remain a physically critical element of urbanism.
Building
The smallest increment of growth in the city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to each other determines the character of each settlement.
Use
Modern views of architecture - functionalism and universal flexibility, have resulted in exclusive zoning and the fragmentation and disconnection of parts of the city from each other. Building types are organized by reference to dwelling, employment, or institutional first uses based on common architectural elements
Density
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) zoning regulations are totally abstract and favor the design of buildings as singular objects. They are to be replaced with building envelope guidelines that link entitlements with predictable physical and architectural definitions of the public realm.
Form
There exists two kinds of buildings: fabric and monumental. The relationship of buildings to the public realm is to be reciprocal.
Fabric Buildings
Conform to all street and block-related rules and are consistent in their form with all other buildings of their kin.
Monumental Buildings
Free of all formal constraints. They can be unique and idiosyncratic, the pointsof concentrated social meaning in the city.
Coding
Specific Street, block and building design rules for public or private developments shall be typically designed and presented in the form of a code.
Elements of a Residential Development
Land Use Elements
Circulation Elements
Utility Elements
Landscape Elements
Land Use Elements
Streets
Open Space
Commercial Space
Public Space
Institutional Space
Residential Space
Circulation Elements
Street Classification
Alignment & Width
Layout Type
Intersections
Driveways & Curbs
Parking
Walkways
Sidewalks
Paths
Bikeways
Utility Elements
Water
Wastewater
Energy & Consumption
Landscape Elements
Grading
Drainage
Stormwater Management
Erosion & Sedimentation Control
Plant Materials
Walls & Fences
Entrance Gateways
Streetscapes
Design Details
Streets
A community plan often contains a street plan that indicates future alignments and widths of right-of-way. Conducts traffic between communities and activity centers and connect to major state and interstate highways.
Open Space
Those portions of the development that is not included in the saleable lots, houses and commercial properties.
Three Types of Open Space
Private
Public
Common
Private Open Space
Land improved for use in a recreational capacity.
Public Open Space
Land that has been purchased or dedicated for public use.
Common Open Space
Deeded to a community property owners’ (or homeowners’) association that the developer creates and operates for the benefit of owners of property within the development.
Commercial Space
Neighborhood shopping center; retail shops for convenience goods and the supply of basic services.
Public Space
Include schools, libraries, and facilities for public services like police protection, fire protection and emergency rescue.
Street Classification
Street according to their service function:
a. Local streets: major and minor
b. Collector Streets: major and minor
c. Arterial Roads
d. Freeways
Subdivision and Housing Developers’ Association (SHDA)
The largest organization of housing developers in the Philippines.
IPP 2014-2016
This covers the development of economic and low-cost housing and the manufacture of modular housing components. Economic and Low-Cost Housing, is among the preferred activities listed in this policy.
Economic and Low-Cost Housing
The selling price of each housing unit shall be more than Php450,000.00 but not exceeding Php3.0 million;
Minimum of 20 livable dwelling units in a single site or building;
Must be new or expanding economic/low- cost housing project;
For vertical housing projects, at least 51% of the total floor area, excluding common facilities and parking areas, must be devoted to housing units.
Modular Housing Components
This covers the manufacture of modular housing components preferably using indigenous materials. These include roof/framing systems, wall/partition systems, flooring systems, door/window systems, and finishing/ceiling systems.
Application for registration must be accompanied by an endorsement from Accreditation of Innovative Technologies for Housing (AITECH).
Social Housing Finance Corporation
To undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal sectors in the low-income bracket; and
To take charge of developing and administering social housing programs, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund (AKPF) Program (amortization support program and development and financing program).
PAG-IBIG Affordable Housing Program
This Program is designed for minimum wage earners or whose gross monthly income does not exceed P17,500. Up to P750,000 may be borrowed under this program, with interest rates of 4.5% or 6.5% in the first ten years of the loan, depending on the gross monthly income of the borrower.
Industry Development Program
The housing industry technical working group (TWG) conducts meetings to discuss and address industry concerns and issues.
New Requirements for High-Rise Buildings (Old and New)
The requirement of an accelerograph for all high-rise buildings and an Automatic Fire Suppression System (AFSS) to vertical projects is deemed to be in conflict with BP 220, the National Building Code, and Fire Code IRR.
New Category for Socialized Housing
The proposal is to include medium-rise buildings (MRBs) of P550,000 (excluding land) and P840,000 for urban areas. It is under NEDA/HUDCC’s evaluation. Likewise, the proposal to amend R.A. 7279 Section 18 to include the definition of socialized MRB, and the provision for government to make in-city development affordable, is being discussed by the TWG in Congress.
Reverse Trade Arrangement (RTA)
The intention is to have preferential supply arrangements between the housing developers and construction materials manufacturers/associations (e.g. paints, iron & steel, PVC pipes).
Assistance to Yolanda-affected Areas
The guidelines to encourage housing developers to construct their socialized housing compliance projects in the Yolanda Stricken-areas have been finalized and approved by the BOI Board.
Community Mortgage Program (CMP)
This program aims to improve the living conditions of homeless and underprivileged Filipinos by providing them affordable financing with which they can secure tenure on the land they occupy.
It is a mortgage financing program which assists legally organized associations ofresidents of blighted or depressed areas to own the lots they occupy, providing them security of tenure and eventually improve their neighborhood and homes to the extent of their affordability.
Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund Developmental Loan Program (AKPF-DLP)
This program aims to provide low-income families with affordable housing packages in key Philippines urban areas and other localities with pronounced housing demand. The purpose of their loan assistance is to serve as seed money for the development of property and construction of housing units thereon.
Bliss Housing
Selection and development of depressed communities according to the following classification:
Neighborhood Community of 50-100 families living in an area of at least 2.5 hectares, for each of 1,600 towns and cities.
Agro-Industrial Community of 100-500 families living in an area of 50-200 hectares, for each of 77 provinces.
Water-shed Based Ecological Community of 500 or more families situated in a water-shed area of at least 500 hectares, for each region of the country.”
Vitas Tenement Housing
This program was built in Tondo, Manila, in the 1980s to resettle families displaced by the Port Authority's new container terminal. Ten of the project's 27 buildings were allocated for socialized housing while the rest were sold on the open market. The brand-new, engineer-designed, pink-painted buildings were inaugurated in 1990, and marked a revival of NHA's medium-rise housing program.
Condemned Tenement Housing
According to the National Housing Authority (NHA), they are planning to move the families to relocation sites in Caloocan City and in Rizal and Cavite provinces. It said the city government of Manila has declared Aroma Compound condemned in 2015, meaning it is dangerous for anyone to live there.
Elements of NUDHF
Urban Competitiveness
Sustainable Communities
Housing Affordability and Delivery
Poverty Reduction
Performance-oriented Governance
Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD)
Act as the primary national government entity responsible for the management of housing, human settlement and urban development.
The sole and main planning and policy- making, regulatory, program coordination, and performance monitoring entity for all housing, human settlement and urban development concerns, primarily focusing on the access to and the affordability of basic human needs.
Human Settlements Adjudication Commission (HSAC)
It is a quasi-judicial body tasked to adjudicate disputes relating to Real Estate Developments, Homeowners Associations, and Local and Regional Planning and Zoning.
It is is attached to the Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development for policy, planning and program coordination only.
National Housing Authority (NHA)
It shall be the sole government agency engaged in direct shelter production.
To provide housing assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income earners through slum upgrading, squatter relocation, development of sites and services and construction of core-housing units.
Home Guarantee Corportation (HGC)
To guarantee the payment of any and all forms of mortgages, loans and other forms of credit facilities and receivables arising from financial contracts exclusively for residential purposes and the necessary support facilities.
To assist private developers to undertake low- and middle-income mass housing production and encourage private institutional funds and commercial lenders to finance such housing development and long-term mortgage through a viable system of guarantees, loan insurance and other incentives.
National Home Mortgage Finance Corportation (NHMFC)
They buys mortgages originated by private financial institutions and eventually sell them back to the public through the issuance of mortgage- backed financial instruments.
Increase the availability of affordable housing loans to finance the Filipino homebuyer's on their acquisition of housing units through the development and operation of a secondary market for home mortgages.
Social Housing Finance Corporation (SHFC)
The lead government agency to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal sectors in the low-income bracket and shall take charge of developing and administering social housing program schemes, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund (AKPF) Program (amortization support program and development financing program).
Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF)
Twin mandates of the Fund are: Generate savings through membership in an integrated nationwide savings system; and Mobilize the provident funds of its members for housing purposes.
Membership Coverage
It is the policy of the State to establish, develop, promote and integrate a nationwide sound and viable tax exempt mutual provident savings system suitable to the needs of the employed and other earning groups, and to motivate them to better plan and provide for their housing needs by membership in the Home Development Mutual Fund, with mandatory contributory support of the employers in the spirit of social justice and the pursuit of national development.
Housing Loan Programs
Grants opportunities to Pag-IBIG Fund members to avail of housing loans to finance.
Gabay Pabahay Program
This housing loan restructuring program seeks to assist Pag-IBIG borrowers preserve their properties from foreclosure or cancellation of Contract-to-Sell (CTS).
Socialized and Low-Cost Housing Loan Restructuring and Penalty Condonaton Program
To provide affordable terms, condonation of accumulated penalties and a portion of accumulated interests, as well as non-interest bearing scheme.
Maagang Pabahay, Disenteng Buhay Program
The Fund’s acquired assets are put up for sale, initially to government employees, at reduced rates. Discounts of 15% and 20% are given to interested buyers who will purchase properties through housing loan and through cash payment.
Social Security System (SSS)
The primary provider of funds for long-term housing mortgages for low and middle- income private sector employees.
To manage a sound and viable social security system which shall promote social justice and provide meaningful protection to members and their families against the hazards of disability, sickness, maternity, old age, death and other contingencies resulting in loss of income or financial burden.
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