economic activity + energy

Primary sector definition

industry involving extraction of raw materials e.g. farmer

secondary sector definition

industry where you are turning the resources into a product e.g. car factory

tertiary sector definition

service sector, the industry where people are selling the products

quaternary sector

industry involving research, selling their knowledge/expertise to people e.g scientist wha

what is critical renewable

resource can be renewed/keep growing but has to be given time to regrow/reestablish

what is a resource endowment

the raw materials that are provided in an area

what is this graph? what are some key trends seen? why?

CLARK - FISCHER

• primary sector decreases as country develops (can afford to import, education improves)

• secondary decreases after industrial (manufacturing happens overseas = cheaper)

• tertiary increases (education improves, people can do more skilled jobs)

• quaternary is recent emerged - innovation, science, tech (can be done remotely)

• Sectoral shifts are part of the developmental process

5 reasons for shift in countries economic sector

1. Globalisation

   • easier to import/export, primary decreases in HICs

2. Raw materials

   • countries with raw materials = primary, finite resources may run out

3. Mechanisation/new tech

   • industrialisation in LICs - more primary/secondary

   • deindustrialisation in HICs - more tertiary/ quaternary

4. Government policies

   • tariffs - high tariffs = decrease trade, increase primary/secondary

   • trading block/ deals may change sectors

5. Demographic

   • older populations - less labour intensive industry

UK gov. policies causing change in economy

1945-1979

• state industries

• sold off for more competitive business environ.

• old industrial areas became financial centres - offices/retail outlets

2010 onwards

• rebuilding manufacturing sector, not as reliant on finance

• crossrail/HS2

• encouraging investment in manufacturing industry

• global firms locating in the UK

3 causes of deindustrialisation in UK

1. Competition - other countries (china, indonesia, malaysia) can manufacture more cheaply - low labour costs

2. Less investment, expensive labour and old machinery make uk products too expensive

3. mechanisation

5 human factors affecting location of economic activity

1. Money - need to attract investment

2. Labour - need labour pool nearby

3. transport - for quick despatch + receiving components

4. Markets - bulky goods need to be produced near market to cut transport costs, fragile goods = near market, services = at market

5. Government - may provide incentives in some areas

4 physical factors affecting location of economic activity

1. site - availability/cost - large factories need flat, well drained, solid land

2. raw materials - locate near to save transport costs

3. Natural routeways/harbours - little investment needed to establish transport links, opportunities to transport goods in large quantities

4. climate - farming needs temperate climate for crops to grow

how has location of stores/retail parks changed? why?

• then = CBD

• now = rural/urban fringe

WHY - land in cbd = more expensive, large stores need more land, better access

how has location of industrial estates changed? why?

• then = inner city

• now = rural/urban fringe

WHY - transport improved, labour can access industrial estate. cheaper land = expansion

Positives/negatives of shift in UK - decline and mechanisation of primary sector

Positive

• farming has become more streamlined + profitable

Negative

• high unemployment in areas of decline e.g. south wales + coal

Positives/negatives of shift in UK - Decline of heavy manufacturing + secondary sector

positive

• less air pollution

  negative

• increased dependence on other countries, lots of abandoned factories in inner city BUT = gentrification

Positives/negatives of shift in UK - rise of high tech manufacture

positive

• quicker, more efficient manufacture = lower cost, higher profit

Negative

• less labour needed. decrease in low skill jobs = unemployment

Positives/negatives of shift in UK- rise in tertiary employment

positive

• range of skill levels required, options for all ages + education level

Negative

• people unwilling to return to primary + secondary sector- working conditions

Positives/negatives of shift in UK - emergence of quaternary sector

positive

• research leads to development of technologies which benefit everyone

negative

• only employs people with very high skill levels

What happened in redcar ? - consequences

• massive steel factory, majority of town employed there

• shut down

x lost incomes, careers

x business fail on high street

x 2000 unemployed

x not many tourists

x people don’t have disposable income for other businesses

why as the primary industry changed in nigeria?

• less employment in agriculture due to mechanisation, better working conditions in other sectors

• Oil + gas reserves, primary sector always needs labour

why has secondary industry changed in nigeria?

• mechanisation lead to increase of jobs in secondary sector

• fastest growing sector due to cheap + plentiful labour, e,mployed by TNCs

why has tertiary sector changed in NIgeria?

• poverty/poor education previously limited tertiary employment, as this improves, more people get these jobs

• globalisation = improved movement of goods, which are sold in tertiary sector

positive and negative of economic shifts in nigeria - social

Positive

• literacy rate improving - 62%in 2015 from 55% in 1991

• life expectancy increasing 1980 = 45, 2024 = 56

negative

• gov corruption means resources aren’t distributed, despite more money

• conflict between ethnic/religious groups worsened by TNCs

positive and negative of economic shifts in nigeria - economic

Positive

• 10 years expected schooling, up from 6.7 = more earning (teachers and those getting educated)

• economic growth as gov. invests money into infrastructure

negative

• less employment in primary sector means fewer low skilled jobs

• country less self sufficient - imported EU fuel even though they had their own

positive and negative of economic shifts in nigeria - Environmental

Positive

• UN investigation highlighted issues shell caused with oil spills = stop future ones

negative

• burning gases releases greenhouse gases, causing respiratory issues

• 80% of nigeria’s forests have been destroyed = worsening air quality and soil erosion

what is a carrying capacity?

the amount a country can handle before the land starts to be diminished/run out of resources

population pressure occurs when

There is not enough resources in an area to provide for/cope with the increasing size of the population in a short amount of time

Malthus

Pessimistic

• 18th century

• only bad can come from population growth - population grows faster than food

• influenced by religion - moral duty for low population

• unaware of technological innovation, lived before industrial revolution

what is a malthusian crisis/explosion

massive event that would decrease the population to put us back in balance with food

Boserup

Optimistic

‘necessity is the mother of inventions’

• food supply would increase to accommodate population growth

• better tech, seeds, farming methods

• agricultural intensification

• she was an economist

primary energy

energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process

secondary energy

energy obtained from transforming primary energy

energy gap

difference between the amount of energy countries consume and produce

energy surplus

energy supply exceeds demand

energy deficit

demand exceeds supplu

energy security

having enough energy/access to energy for the needs of an area (reliable, uninterrupted at affordable price)

3 things changing energy demand

• population growth

• economic development (more infrastructure, desire for resources increases)

• technological innovations

non-renewable energy

finite sources of energy, often damaging to environment

renewable energy

infinite sources of energy, sustainable

energy conservation

using less energy by adjusting your behaviours and habits

energy efficiency

involves using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function

2 examples of energy conservation

• using public bus to commute to work

• buy from local businesses

2 examples of energy efficiency

• using long life lithium batteries

• buying appliances with A++ energy efficiency ratings

5 ways to make homes more energy efficient

1. have energy efficient light bulbs - put on timer

2. solar panels

3. double glaze windows

4. shut doors/windows when heating on

5. insulate house well to reduce heat loss

UK energy strategy

Renewable energy strategy

• fossil fuels increase to 2000s, then decline

• nuclear increases until 1998, then decline

• renewable increases steadily

• 2019 - 15 operational nuclear power plants, UK had first week without coal