A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
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James-Lange Theory
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
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Two-Factor Theory
The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
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Polygraph
A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
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Facial Feedback
The effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.
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Catharsis
Emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
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Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.
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Well-being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
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Adaptation-level phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. (ex. having an income of $10,000/month may seem like a lot, but after getting that much for some time, it seems like less.)
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Relative Deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
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Behavioral Medicine
An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..
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Health Psychology
A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.
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Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
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Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.
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Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
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Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
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Psychophysiological Illness
Literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
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Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
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Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, an internal motivation.
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Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment, an external motivation (ex. stickers, money)
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Task Leadership
Goal oriented leadership that sets standards and organizes work.
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Social Leadership
Group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support .
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Theory X
Theory that assumes workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money, must always be surveilled, and workers must be given more money to work more/harder.
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Theory Y
Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.
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Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishments; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Part of the nervous system that calms people down from overly expressive emotions.
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Sexual Response Cycle
The human sexual response cycle of a four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation. The stages are: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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Kinsey
Famous psychologist & scientist who used surveys to determine what American men and women did in their sexual lives; found out there is no normal and it varies heavily from person to person
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Instinct theory
Now known as evolutionary perspective, the theory that believes all motivation comes from instinct/genetically predisposed behaviors.
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Set Point
Theory that once a person stops growing, they will tend to lean towards one weight (unless they do something drastic)
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Izard
Believed there were 10 main emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow’s theory that some needs take priority over others. Highest self is self-transcendence, which is helping others reach self-actualization.
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Drive-Reduction Theory
Believes we have internal pushes (ex. being hungry) & external pulls (food) that interact in a way to restore balance/homeostasis in an individual.
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Arousal Theory
Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation- making sure we are all properly stimulated.
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Relative Deprivation
Comparing one’s situation to another and making their relationship seem worse (ex $500,000/year seems like very little compared to Bill Gates, \~4 billion/year)
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