Motivation and Emotions - AP Psych Unit 8A-8B

Emotion

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Two-Factor Theory

The Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Polygraph

A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Facial Feedback

The effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

Catharsis

Emotional release.  The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Well-being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.  Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. (ex. having an income of $10,000/month may seem like a lot, but after getting that much for some time, it seems like less.)

Relative Deprivation

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Behavioral Medicine

An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

Health Psychology

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Stress

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Coronary Heart Disease

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Psychophysiological Illness

Literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, an internal motivation.

Extrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment, an external motivation (ex. stickers, money)

Task Leadership

Goal oriented leadership that sets standards and organizes work.

Social Leadership

Group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support .

Theory X

Theory that assumes workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money, must always be surveilled, and workers must be given more money to work more/harder.

Theory Y

Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishments; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that calms people down from overly expressive emotions.

Sexual Response Cycle

The human sexual response cycle of a four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation. The stages are: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Kinsey

Famous psychologist & scientist who used surveys to determine what American men and women did in their sexual lives; found out there is no normal and it varies heavily from person to person

Instinct theory

Now known as evolutionary perspective, the theory that believes all motivation comes from instinct/genetically predisposed behaviors.

Set Point

Theory that once a person stops growing, they will tend to lean towards one weight (unless they do something drastic)

Izard

Believed there were 10 main emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow’s theory that some needs take priority over others. Highest self is self-transcendence, which is helping others reach self-actualization.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Believes we have internal pushes (ex. being hungry) & external pulls (food) that interact in a way to restore balance/homeostasis in an individual.

Arousal Theory

Focuses on finding the right level of stimulation- making sure we are all properly stimulated.

Relative Deprivation

Comparing one’s situation to another and making their relationship seem worse (ex $500,000/year seems like very little compared to Bill Gates, \~4 billion/year)