Islam/Mongols (Midterm 2)

Muhammad

• Mecca

• Gabriel

• How did Mecca respond

• Medina

Muhammad was born in Mecca

He heard about the word of god from an angel named Gabriel.

When he preached about what he heard, the elite of Mecca persecuted him and his followers and they were forced to flee

Muhammad fled to Medina where he built the first Muslim community and was a political, military, and religious leader

Caliphs

Sunnis and Shias

Umayyad

Karbala

Abbasid Empire

• ulama

• sharia

• Baghdad

Caliphs are successors of Muhammad, they can be either Sunnis or Shia’s.

After the death of Muhammad, people were split between who should pass on succession of the prophet’s authority. Some peopled it belonged to the community of believers while others felt it belonged to his descendants which resulted in a split in the followers.

Sunnis believed it belonged to followers and there should be an election. The Sunnis were able to gain political control by allying with a powerful family known as the Umayyad families.

Shias believed it belonged to descendants and the community was power hungry where election would lead to corruption

The Shia end up losing in the battle of Karbala and the Sunnis kill Muhammad’s descendants (Ali and his son) and further splitting further

The Shia’s later overthrew the Umayyad family and created the Abbasid Empire, which put one of Muhammad’s uncle’s descendants in charge.

The Abbasid Empire created a new class of religious leaders known as ulama.

The Abbasid Empire also made a vision of Islamic law known as the Sharia which is tied to an interpretation of both the Quran and Hadith

Baghdad is the capital and is the center of universal culture where scholars across the world came to. Led to first widespread conversion of Islam among non-Arabs, where the religion.

hjiri

Muslim calendar that marks their important holidays, the first year (year 1) is when Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina

Quran and the hadith

Quran: Holy book of Islam and word of god

Hadith: Sayings and practices of the prophet Muhammad, not word of god but his actions in life

mamluks

• Caliphate

• Turks

• Delhi Sultanate

Abbasids relied on armies manned and sometimes even led by captured slaves.

The slaves use the power to revolt and would break away making slave states. Rulers of these can’t claim the title of Caliphate though since they have no authority granted from Mahammad due to not having support from the community nor direct descent from the prophet.

Turks is the most common language used by the slaves resulting in the language being associated with Islam

Delhi Sultanate is the First Muslim Empire in India. Established by Turkish Military slaves

Islam Cultures

• Sultan’s

• Sufis

• Silk Road

Islam is made by a combination of different cultures when it spread

The Sultan’s are warriors who spread islam through conquest

Suli’s make up holy men and adopt culture in non-muslim population,

Trade was another popular method for making new Muslim Communities, and this occured mainly along the silk road

al-Biruni

A Muslim scholar who wrote about the people who lived in India and their beliefs and it showed how Muslims viewed people they came in contact with

Ibn Khaldun

• Muqaddimah

Muslim historian and sociologist; wrote the Muqaddimah, analyzing the rise and fall of dynasties and empires

Jizya

Tax imposed on non-Muslims under Islamic rule; allowed religious minorities to practice their faith while supporting the state financially

Mongols

• Genghis (Chinggis) Khan

• Karakoram

The Mongols were shamanistic/pagan, worshipping spirits of nature and ancestors. Their early history has no connection with Islam.

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan is the Founder of the Mongol Empire; united steppe tribes and began massive conquests across Asia and Europe

Karakoram is the Capital of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan

Kublai Khan

• Yuan Dynasty

Grandson of Genghis Khan; founded the Yuan dynasty in China; promoted trade and cultural exchange and integrated the Chinese system

Timur (Tamerlane)

Turco-Mongol conqueror who established a short-lived empire in Central Asia; claimed descent from Genghis Khan

Plague

Refers to the Black Death (14th century) which spread along Mongol trade routes (Silk Road); had huge demographic and economic impact

Kuriltai

Political/military council of Mongol leaders to elect a new khan and make major decisions

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, Islamic power was spread from Arabia by Arab tribal armies, led by the "successors" to the Prophet, or ____________ who were chosen by the Muslim community.

those who stressed the rightful inheritance of authority were known as the ______

Caliphs

Shia

While these different Arab groups competed for power, a more dramatic change came with the establishment of the _____________ in 750, whose capital, Baghdad, lay in a region of considerable historical Persian influence.

Abbasid Empire

mamluks layed a key role as the eastern Muslim world fragmented into a number of smaller empires and states, led not by successors to the Prophet, but by military leaders known as ________

Sultans

 The weakening of Islam's association with Arabs thus opened the door to Islam's adaptation to a range of different regional cultures in Asia, which was also facilitated by the spread of _________, mystically-oriented Muslims whose charisma as holy men

Sufis

Mongol empire, a nomadic empire originating in the 13th century in the eastern steppe lands north of China under the leadership of Temujin, who took the name Genghis Khan at a council of Mongol chiefs in 1206, a council known as a ____________

kurilltai

At its peak, the Mongol empire was one of the largest land empires in human history, but it soon broke into multiple parts, the most populous being that based in China which continued into the 14th century under the Sinified name,

Yuan Dynasty

Sengoku period

Bakumatsu period

Era of warring states in Japan, early period

Late Tokugawa period; internal unrest and Western contact

Bushido

Code of conduct for samurai emphasizing loyalty, honor, and martial skill

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of Tokugawa shogunate; unified Japan

Alternate Attendance system

Required daimyo to spend every other year in Edo; ensured loyalty

Bakufu

centralized military rule under shogun

Edo

Capital city under Tokugawa shogunate (Now known as tokyo)

Daimyo

Regional feudal lords in Japan

Floating World

art, entertainment, pleasure districts

Nagasaki

city open to limited foreign trade

Sakoku

Policy of national isolation; limited contact with foreigners

Meiji Restoration

Overthrow of Tokugawa shogunate; restored emperor; modernization and Westernization