IAC 2024-25 Blue Set HISTORY Questions

ANSWER: Mandela [accept Nelson Mandela or Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela; accept Winnie Madikizela-Mandela; accept Mandela United Football Club]

A person with this surname’s bodyguards, nicknamed their “United Football Club,” kidnapped four kids in Soweto Township. A name literally meaning “David the Walker” was given to a person with this surname while evading authorities on Liliesleaf Farm. A photograph shows a person with this surname and his wife, (*)Winnie, giving fist salutes after getting released from prison. A person with this surname wrote the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom and delivered the “I am prepared to die” speech during the Rivonia trial. For 10 points, what surname did the first black president of South Africa have?

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela [or Nelson Rolihahla Mandela or Madiba; accept Mandela effect]

Researcher Fiona Broome named a psychological phenomenon of vividly false memory after this person. This person founded a militant branch of the ANC known as the Spear of the Nation. While imprisoned on Robben Island, this person wrote their autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. This leader succeeded (*) F. W. de Klerk after ending the apartheid system. For 10 points, name this first Black president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Mandela [accept Nelson Mandela; accept Winnie Madikizela-Mandela; prompt on Madikizela with “What is her married surname?”]

A woman with this surname was protected by khaki-wearing bodyguards called her “United Football Club” and burned gasoline-filled tires around police informants’ necks. A man with this surname posed as David Motsamayi at Liliesleaf Farm while covertly operating the Spear of the Nation. Winnie Madikizela married a man with this surname who delivered the (*) “I am prepared to die” speech at the Rivonia Trial before spending 27 years on Robben Island. A leader with this surname compromised with F. W. de Klerk to bring the African National Congress to power. For 10 points, give this surname of South Africa's first Black president, Nelson.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

This leader declared that he was “prepared to die” for his ideals during the Rivonia Trial. For part of a 27 year prison sentence, this leader labored in a lime quarry while on Robben Island. This leader shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize with (*) F. W. de Klerk for helping to end apartheid. For 10 points, what leader was the first black president of South Africa?

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

A commission created by this leader implicated their own wife’s bodyguards in the killing of teenager Stompie Sepei. That commission created by this leader investigated an event depicted in a Sam Nzima photograph showing the dead ten-year old Hector Pieterson. Walter Sisulu founded an organization with this leader that carried out the Church Street Bombing. This leader hid at (*) Liliesleaf Farm along with other members of Mkhonto we Sizwe, or the Spear of the Nation. This leader declared "I am prepared to die" at the Rivonia Trial. F.W. de Klerk won a Nobel Peace Prize alongside this leader after his release from Robben Island. For 10 points, name this first post-apartheid president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela (accept Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela)

At this man’s memorial service, Ra´ul Castro and Barack Obama shook hands as part of the “Cuban thaw.” This man co-founded a militant group called Spear of the Nation in 1961 and, at the (*) Rivonia Trial, was sentenced to life in prison, spent mostly on Robben Island. After FW de Klerk freed this man in 1990, he called for a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to repair his country from decades of Apartheid. For 10 points, name this first Black president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson [Rolihlahla] Mandela

The sign language interpreter at this man's funeral, Thamsanqa Jantjie (taam-saan-ta yaan-tee), performed meaningless gestures instead of actual sign language. This man succeeded F. W. de Klerk in his highest office after being released from 27 years of imprisonment at (*) Robben Island. For 10 points, name this leader of the African National Congress, the first black president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

At an event honoring this leader, Barack Obama shook hands with Fidel Castro. This leader suggested that Abdel Baset al-Megrahi, who bombed Pan Am Flight 103, should be held in a prison closer to his home country. This man posed as a worker on Liliesleaf Farm while running operations for the (*) Spear of the Nation. This man declared “I am prepared to die” at the Rivonia trial, where he received a life sentence that was to be served on Robben Island. This leader founded the Truth and Reconciliation commission after he was released from prison by F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this first black president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela [prompt on Madiba]

 In one election, this man defeated Mangosuthu Buthelez, a leader from a group that perpetrated the Boipatong Massacre, the Inkatha Freedom Party. This man, who established a law firm with Oliver Tambo, was captured with Walter Sisulu at Liliesleaf Farm, and he co-founded the militant group Umkhonto we Sizwe, meaning (*) “Spear of the Nation.” This leader gave the “I am prepared to die” speech before being sentenced in the Rivonia Trial, and he shared a Nobel Peace Prize with his predecessor, F. W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this leader of the ANC who was imprisoned on Robben Island for fighting against apartheid in South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela [prompt on Madiba]

In 1961, this man co-founded the Umkhonto we Sizwe, or “Spear of the Nation.” He gave the “I am prepared to die” speech at the Rivonia Trial, after which he was imprisoned on Robben Island. This man and (*) F.W. de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, and he wrote the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. For 10 points, name this first black president of South Africa, a notable opponent of apartheid.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela [or Madiba Mandela; or Nelson Rolihahla Mandela]

 With Oliver Tambo, this man opened the first black-run legal practice in his country. This leader hid from the government while disguised as a cook and a farm worker at Liliesleaf Farm. This man called a democratic and free society “an ideal for which I am prepared to die” while he was a co-defendant in the (*) Rivonia Trial. This leader received a life sentence that was to be served on Robben Island. This leader of the ANC opened the Truth and Reconciliation Commission after being released from prison by F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this first post-Apartheid president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

This man chaired a militant group formed from a banned political party after 69 people were killed in the Sharpeville massacre. This leader of the Spear of the Nation wrote a memoir, Long Walk to Freedom, that describes his 27 years of (*) imprisonment on Robben Island near Cape Town. The African National Congress was once led by, for 10 points, what opponent of apartheid and first black president of South Africa?

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

This man made a speech stating “I have given my life to this struggle of the African people,” and mentioning “an ideal I hope to live for.” That speech was due to this man’s involvement in Umkhonto We Sizwe, the “Spear of the Nation.” This founder of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission stated “I am (*) prepared to die” at the Rivonia Trial and spent 18 years on Robben Island before he was released from prison by F.W. De Klerk. For 10 points, name this civil rights leader and first black President of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

During the Rivonia trial, this man gave the “I am prepared to die” speech. Following the 1995 Rugby World Cup this man handed the trophy to his country’s captain, Francois Pienaar. He assumed his highest post after spending 27 years at the notorious (*) Robben Island Prison for charges of treason. This man succeeded F.W. de Klerk as president of his country, and was his country’s first president elected after apartheid. For 10 points, name this first black president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

This man halted a series of negotiations after supporters of a rival party committed the Boipatong Massacre. The military organization he co-founded, whose name is translated as “Spear of the Nation,” became the military wing of his political party. This man evaded capture by police by pretending to be a cook and gardener on Liliesleaf Farm, which later led to his imprisonment with 19 others in what became known as the Rivonia Trial. Some say that because this man shook the hand of his opponent, Frederik Willem de Klerk, he won a presidential election while representing the African National Congress party. For 10 points, name the first democratically elected president of South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela [accept “Madiba” or “Tata”]

This leader’s associations with his country’s Communist Party led to the failure of the Defiance Campaign. Born to a royal Thembu family, this leader created the Umkhonto we Sizwe in his country, and later he established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. He was arrested and prosecuted during the (*) Rivonia Trial, and titled his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. As a prisoner on Robben Island, this man negotiated his release with the help of F. W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this leader who, as head of the African National Congress, was the first black president of post-Apartheid South Africa.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

This man called for the sentence of Abdel al-Megrahi, the Lockerbie bomber, to be served in Libya, and for his conviction to be appealed. A deputy president of his party under Chief Albert Luthuli, he admired Zachariah Matthews. He rose to prominence as the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, and he gave the “I am prepared to die” speech during the Rivonia Trial. As president, he opened the Truth and Reconciliation Commission after being released from prison by a man he later shared a Nobel Peace Prize with, F. W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this Xhosa ANC leader, the first African president of post-apartheid South Africa, who served 27 years on Robben Island.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

This man's "I am prepared to die" speech outlined the aims of the armed group Spear of the Nation. He was “Accused #1” in the Rivonia Trial, after which he was imprisoned at Robben Island. After his release, this member of the (*) ANC was elected President; he established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to help heal the wounds of Apartheid. For 10 points, name this first black President of South Africa, who died in December of 2013.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

This man was opposed to the demolition of Sophiatown, and later stayed for a period of time at the Liliesleaf Farm. He befriended Oliver Tambo, a fellow political activist, with whom he founded a groundbreaking law firm. He made arrangements with Moammar Gaddafi for the trial of the Lockerbie bombers; earlier, while imprisoned at Robben Island, he declared that “I am prepared to die.” For 10 points, name this successor to F. W. de Klerk, a South African politician who helped to bring about the end of apartheid.

ANSWER: Nelson Mandela

This man passed the Land Restitution Act, which reversed the 1913 Natives Land Act. This leader went to court with Ismail Ayob, his former lawyer, for selling prints with his signature on it. With Oliver Tambo, this man led the 1952 Defiance Campaign, and in the 1960s, he was labeled as a terrorist for heading the (*) Spear of the Nation branch of the ANC. This man was sent to prison following the Rivonia Trial, and he spent time at Robben Island before being released by F.W. de Klerk, his predecessor in his most famous office. For 10 points, name this black South African president, instrumental in ending apartheid.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

This figure is known for wearing “Madiba shirts,” and as president he supported the Springboks and lobbied for the Lockerbie trial to occur in his country. He gave the “I am Prepared to Die” speech during the Rivonia trial after he was arrested for leading the (*) Spear of the Nation. This leader, who was succeeded in his highest position by Thabo Mbeki, wrote his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom while imprisoned at Robben Island, but was released in 1990 by F.W. de Klerk, with whom this man received the Nobel Peace Prize three years later for their efforts to end apartheid. For 10 points, name this former South African president.

ANSWER: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

This leader negotiated the handover of the accused Lockerby bombers with Muammar Qaddafi. He was succeeded in his highest post by Thabo Mbeki [TAH-bo uhm-BAY-kee]. He wrote the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, and was held at (*) Robben Island prison for many years. He was released by F. W. de Clerk, and in 1994 he led the African National Congress to its first victory in universal elections. For 10 points, name this first black president of South Africa.

ANSWER: ending apartheid [accept any answer that mentions some sort of opposition to apartheid; prompt on answers such as racial desegregation or integration, ending white rule in South Africa, or anti-racism that do not mention “apartheid”; reject “apartheid” alone]

Description Acceptable. Joe Slovo’s support of this cause is central to his daughter Gillian’s memoir Every Secret Thing: My Family, My Country. This cause protested pass laws which restricted movement outside of bantustans. The Rivonia Trial targeted members of a paramilitary wing of an organization for this cause called uMkhonto we Sizwe (“oo-mm-ck-hon-toe way seez-way”). Hundreds of children supporting this cause were murdered in the slum of (*) Soweto. Proponents of this cause imprisoned on Robben Island included members of the African National Congress. Nelson Mandela advocated for, for 10 points, what cause that sought to end racial segregation in South Africa?

ANSWER: apartheid [prompt on segregation or racial segregation or any description of racial segregation in South Africa]

As part of this policy, Sophiatown was destroyed after the passage of the Group Areas Act. For opposition to this policy, the journalist Donald Woods was exiled. In protest of this policy, thousands of people surrendered at the Sharpeville police station. This system required some groups to carry passbooks and created designated “homelands” called (*) Bantustans. An opponent of this policy wrote the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom and renounced violence while being held in Robben Island. F.W. de Klerk won the Nobel Prize for lifting this system, which was opposed by the AᐧNᐧC and Nelson Mandela. For 10 points, name this policy of racial segregation in South Africa.

ANSWER: apartheid

A country under this system was boycotted from sporting events under the Gleneagles Agreement. This system began after Hendrik Verwoerd passed the Land Acts, which created communities called bantustans. The “I Am Prepared to Die” speech at the (*) Rivonia Trial denounced this system. After protesters against this system were killed during the Sharpeville, the Spear of the Nation formed as a military wing of the African National Congress. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize for ending, for 10 points, what policy of racial segregation which existed in South Africa?

ANSWER: apartheid

A boycott of this practice prohibited a team from competing at two Rugby World Cups, while other boycotts opposed the Group Areas Act and Land Act. A suburban uprising where this practice was enacted resulted in 176 deaths of mainly school children after police brutality in (*) Soweto. 69 protestors against this policy were killed during the Sharpeville Massacre, after which the African National Congress resorted to guerilla warfare after they were banned. For 10 points, name this practice of racial segregation formerly practiced in South Africa.

ANSWER: apartheid

This policy was divided into “petty” and “grand” forms and was largely based on baasskap. The 1950 Population Registration Act facilitated this policy, and this policy divided its subjects into ten “bantustans.” Protestors of this policy’s pass laws were killed in the (*) Sharpeville massacre. High schools protested this policy in the Soweto Uprising. F. W. de Klerk was one of the recipients of a Nobel Peace Prize granted for ending this policy. The Rivonia Trial prosecuted opponents of this policy, including Nelson Mandela. For 10 points, name this form of systematic racial segregation that ended in 1994 in South Africa.

ANSWER: apartheid [prompt on answers like South African segregation or apartness]

An end to this policy was proposed in CODESA I and II. The Church Street Bombing was a protest against this policy. A series of Pass Laws enforced this policy which placed people into different “homelands.” An opponent of this policy gave the “I am prepared to die” speech at the (*) Rivonia Trial before being sentenced to Robben Island. Steve Biko was murdered during the Soweto Uprising outside of Johannesburg while protesting this policy, which was ended under F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this system of segregation in South Africa opposed by Nelson Mandela.

ANSWER: apartheid

The pseudonym “Frank Talk” titles a magazine that opposed this policy. As part of the Gleneagles Agreement, Commonwealth countries agreed to protest this policy. The forcible removal of residents of District Six as part of this policy inspired Neill Blomkamp’s film District 9. While serving as leader of the National Party, Daniel (*) Malan first implemented this policy. A photograph by Sam Nzima shows a woman carrying a victim of this policy during the Soweto Uprising. Thirteen individuals who opposed this policy were jailed following the Rivonia Trial. For 10 points, name this system of racial segregation in South Africa.

ANSWER: Apartheid

One term used to describe this policy was “separate development”, and a 1970 Homelands Citizenship Act as part of this policy put people into Bantustans, while early pieces legislation instituting it were known as Lands Acts. Demonstrations against this policy were seen in the (*) Soweto Uprising and the Sharpeville massacre, and the legislation backing it was repealed in 1991 by F.W. de Klerk. Desmond Tutu spoke out against it, and Nelson Mandela was jailed for opposing it. For ten points, name this segregationist policy of 20th century South Africa.

ANSWER: Apartheid

This policy had its origins in the Pass Laws, and several people who were opposed to this policy were sentenced to prison following the Rivonia Trials. The Spear of the Nation was the military wing of a political party which opposed this policy, which led to the Sharpeville Massacre as well as an event in which students who opposed the mandatory teaching of a certain language were fired upon by police, the Soweto Uprising. Ended by F.W. De Klerk and Nelson Mandela, for 10 points, name this policy of racial segregation in South Africa.

ANSWER: Apartheid

One speech against this policy was given by Harold MacMillan and known as the "Wind of Change" speech. Donald Woods was exiled while this policy was in place for his writings on Steven Biko, whose ideas played a large role in the student protest against a law mandating schools be taught in one language. Both the Sharpeville and (*) Soweto massacres occurred while this policy was enforced. One opponent of this policy led the African National Congress and was imprisoned on Robben Island. F.W. de Klerk was the last PM to implement this policy, which ended with his replacement by Nelson Mandela. For 10 points, name this period of state-sponsored segregation in South Africa.

ANSWER: Apartheid

Legislation supporting this policy included the Immorality Act, the Population Registration Act, the Group Areas Act, the Suppression of Communism Act, the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, and the Bantu Education Act. It divided the countries population into four groups and thirteen national confederations, with Japanese, Taiwanese, and African-American immigrants often being classified as honorary whites. For 10 points, name this system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 to 1994

ANSWER: apartheid

This policy was originated by Daniel François Malan, and its legality was questioned at the Rivonia Trial. One demonstration opposing it became the Sharpeville Massacre, and it was the impetus for a fourteen-year arms embargo and for the (*) Soweto Uprising. In 1990, Frederik Willem de Klerk started work on ending this policy, under which affected people were forced into Bantustans. For 10 points, name this policy which caused Blacks and peoples of color to become completely segregated, a South African policy famously protested against by Nelson Mandela.

ANSWER: African National Congress

Tourism Minister Derek Hanekom failed in an attempt to remove this organization’s president in 2016 after bribery charges on the Gupta family. The Congress of the People is a splinter faction named after the meeting at which this group’s Freedom Charter was declared. After the Sharpeville Massacre, this party formed the militant (*) Spear of the Nation, some of whose members were convicted in the Rivonia Trial. The ban on this party was lifted by F. W. de Klerk, which was followed by its electoral victory after the repeal of apartheid. For ten points, what political party once led by Nelson Mandela?

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or RSA]

What is now this country saw the mfecane, a period of forced migration of people in its east. The Great Trek in this modern day country saw the establishment of several small, short-lived farmer republics such as Stellaland and Natalia. This country saw reservations of its native populations in so-called (*) “Bantustans.” Bittereinders (“bitter-enders”) were people who refused to surrender after a conflict in this country. Horatio Kitchner employed scorched earth tactics against a certain group in this modern day country, which also saw early modern use of concentration camps. This country saw the Rivonia trial, and the leadership of President F. W. de Klerk, the last white president of this country. For 10 points, name this country home to the Zulu, Xhosa, and Boers that ended apartheid in 1994.

ANSWER: South Africa [or Republic of South Africa]

In this modern-day country, the Iklwa [“IHK-ull-waa”] spear was used by a kingdom that was defeated by the British at Rorke’s Drift after winning atIsandlwana[“is-AHN-dull-WAH-na”]. In this modern-day country, diamonds were mined at Kimberley by Cecil Rhodes. The indigenous Xhosa [“KOH-sah”] and the Shaka-led (*) Zulu Kingdom fought British colonists andAfrikaans-speaking Dutch Boers in this country. European settlers built the three modern capital cities of, for 10 points, what country home to Johannesburg and Cape Town?

ANSWER: South Africa [or Republic of South Africa]

 It’s not France, but this country’s forces invaded a neighboring country during its civil war as part of Operation Savannah. Daniel Francois Malan came into power after opposing this country’s participation in World War II. During this country’s Border War, this country’s forces fought against (*) SWAPO. This country cracked down on dissent following terrorist attacks by uMkhonto we Sizwe. The Soweto Uprising was violently crushed in this home country of the African National Congress. For 10 points, name this country where Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid.

ANSWER: Union of South Africa

This country executed Jopie Fourie for his role in the Maritz Rebellion. In that rebellion, a roadblock set up to catch the Foster Gang led to the death of Koos de la Rey. The Fagan Commission was supported by much of this country’s United Party, which included much of this country’s National Party led by J.B.M. Hertzog. A leader of this country was the only signer of the Treaty of Versailles to sign the UN Charter. The (*) Defiance Campaign in this country protested against its system of pass laws. The Colony of Natal merged with three others to form this country, where the Sharpeville Massacre took place. Jan Smuts was a prime minister of this country, which was also led by F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this country formed after the Second Boer War where apartheid developed.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or RSA] [The first line refers to Hendrik Verwoerd]

A right wing nationalist leader of this country was assassinated by Dimitri Tsafendas in 1966. An independence movement from this country called SWAPO was co-founded by Sam Nujoma. This country may have conducted a nuclear test with Israel during the Vela Incident. Students in this country who wished to learn English instigated the (*) Soweto Uprising. The militant group Spear of the Nation was founded after this country’s Sharpeville Massacre. One of this country’s leaders succeeded P.W. Botha, and wrote the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom while imprisoned at Robben Island. F.W. de Klerk once led, for 10 points, what country once led by Nelson Mandela?

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or RSA]

This country's police fired on a crowd protesting "pass-book laws" in the Sharpeville massacre. This country's Rivonia trial accused a man who later won a Nobel Prize with F.W. De Klerk; that leader wrote the book Long Walk to Freedom and was imprisoned on Robben Island. An (*) Afrikaans-speaking white minority created the policy of apartheid that Nelson Mandela opposed in, for 10 points, what country on the tip of Africa?

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [accept Republiek van Suid-Afrika; accept Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa; accept iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika; accept Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa; accept iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika; accept Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga; accept Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa; accept Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe; accept iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika; accept iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]

Note to moderator (do not read this note out loud): in the last line, the “xh” in “Xhosa” is pronounced like the click you’d make to speed up a horse. If you can’t manage that, pronounce it like a K. Native people in this modern-day country were expelled past the Great Fish River. The Basters (“BAAS-ters”) are one ethnic group in this country, while another ethnic group, the Griqua, launched large-scale slaving raids in this country’s interior. Wars around the Tugela River in this modern-day country became known as the (*) Mfecane (“m-fek-ta-neh”). One ruler in this modern-day country, Dingane, lost the Battle of Blood River to Andries Pretorius’ voortrekkers.The Orange Free State and Transvaal were later merged with the Cape Colony to form this country. For 10 points, name this country, where Boers displaced the native Zulu and Xhosa peoples.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or Union of South Africa]

Dennis Brutus led a successful campaign to ban this country from the Olympics from 1964 to 1988. Citizens of this country celebrate Youth Day on June 16 in honor of the Soweto Uprising. This country’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission investigated events like the Sharpeville Massacre. F.W. de (*) Klerk’s National Party lost this country’s 1994 election to the African National Congress, led by a man released from prison four years earlier. For 10 points, name this country in which Nelson Mandela became president after apartheid was abolished.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or Republiek van Suid-Afrika; or iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika; or iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika]

This modern country’s flora and fauna were documented in the 18th century by explorer Robert Jacob Gordon. This country first became independent by the 1852 Sand River convention, before a gold rush in the 1880s. The book The Brunt of the War, and Where It Fell by Emily Hobhouse described horrid conditions in (*) internment camps during a war in this country. Robert Baden-Powell withstood the siege of Mafeking in this country, which formed from the merger of the Natal, Orange River, Transvaal, and Cape colonies. For 10 points, name this modern country where the British fought Dutch-speaking colonists in the Second Boer War.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa

Despite the Gleneagles Agreement condemning this country, their Springboks rugby team were allowed to tour New Zealand and the United States in 1981. This country’s Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd [feh-voort] banned political parties like the (*) ANC, or the African National Congress, which opposed his expansion of racial segregation. For 10 points, name this country where, in 1994, Nelson Mandela became President.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa

This country’s Reunited National Party won a 1948 election under Daniel Malan despite heavily losing the popular vote due to gerrymandering. This country and Israel may have conducted a joint nuclear test in the Vela Incident. This country fought a long-running insurgency by SWAPO that succeeded in 1994. This country was the site of the (*) Soweto Uprising and the Sharpeville Massacre. A former president of this country was found guilty of conspiring to overthrow the government in the Rivonia Trial and was sentenced lifetime imprisonment, but was released by then-president F. W. de Klerk before becoming president himself. For 10 points, what nation ended its controversial Apartheid policy in the 1990s with Nelson Mandela’s election as president?

ANSWER: South Africa

Robben Island in this country was used as a prison. This country totally surrounds the country of Lesotho. Zulu and Afrikaans are two common languages in this country that contains Cape Town. For 10 points, name this country where Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or Republiek van Suid-Afrika]

Hendrik Verwoerd engineered a series of oppressive laws in this country. P. W. Botha declared a state of emergency in this nation in 1978, after the Soweto Uprising. Riots against the pass laws led to this Sharpeville Massacre in this nation, where Desmond (*) Tutu led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This country’s people were legally segregated under the policy of apartheid until 1991. For 10 points, name this African country where Nelson Mandela served as president.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or RSA]

 Eugene Terre’Blanche founded the AWB in this country in the 70s. A sociology professor who served as this nation’s president was assassinated in 1966. The League of Nations Covenant was largely written by this country’s WWII prime minister Jan Smuts. A Truth and Reconciliation Committee in this country looked into the beating of Steve Biko [BEE-ko]. It established (*) Bantustans. This country’s reformist leader PW Botha lost power after a stroke and was replaced by FW de Klerk. It suffered the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960. A onetime inmate at Robben Island was elected president of this country in 1994. For 10 points, name this home of Nelson Mandela.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa

This country is home to the Cradle of Humankind, a group of limestone caves so named because it’s home to around 40% of the world’s human ancestor fossils. The Karoo, whose name comes from the Khoikhoi word for “desert,” is an arid region in this country, where white rhinos can be found in (*) Kruger National Park. The Kimberley diamond mines are located in the Northern Cape province of this country, whose ethnic population includes many Bantu-speaking groups. For 10 points, name this country with three capitals at Bellefontaine, Pretoria, and Capetown.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or RSA]

The N2 Gateway housing project in this nation caused twenty thousand citizens to be evicted in 2010. Events in this country prompted a 1976 Summer Olympics boycott, because New Zealand wasn’t banned from the Olympics. In 1995, this nation’s president gave a trophy to Francois Pienaar and famously donned a (*)green jersey with a gold number 6. A war in this country inspired Robert Baden-Powell to found the Boy Scouts. This country was called the rainbow nation by Desmond Tutu, one year before its Springboks won the Rugby World Cup. For 10 points, name this home to vuvuzelas, which hosted the 2010 World Cup after the end of apartheid.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or Republiek van Suid-Afrika; or iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika; or iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika; accept equivalents]

This nation benefitted from the U.S. policy of "constructive engagement" as it was led by a politician called the "Big Crocodile". While Daniel Francois Malan led this country, it established a system of internal ID checkpoints using "pass laws." This country held the Rivonia trial for violent guerrillas affiliated with the "Spear of the Nation" group, and jailed Steve Biko for his role in starting the Soweto uprising. This home of P. W. Botha used Robben Island as a prison for future leaders of its corrupt African National Congress party. For 10 points, name this country which has used 11 official languages since dismantling a segregation system called apartheid.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa

A ruined hill fortress in this nation was the capital of the Kingdom of Ma ⋅ pun ⋅ gub ⋅ we, which was a predecessor to Great Zimbabwe, and it is the only nation to have voluntarily destroyed its nuclear arsenal. The states of Natal, Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, and Transvaal were united by the British to form this modern commonwealth. This country where the Soweto massacre took place sentenced one of its future presidents to imprisonment on Robben Island, and it was led by F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela. For 10 points, name this African nation whose largest city is Johannesburg.

ANSWER: Republic of South Africa [or RSA]

This country's Kruger National Park, part of the lowveld grassland, is named for a 19th-century leader of its Transvaal region, the site of gold and diamond mines. Lesotho is completely surrounded by this country, which was governed by an "apartheid" regime before it elected Nelson Mandela president in 1994. For 10 points, Pretoria and Cape Town are two capitals of what country at the lowest extremity of the African continent?

ANSWER: Cairo, Egypt

 A suburb east of this city, to be finished by 2022, will have a theme park four times the size of Disneyland. Chiang Kai-Shek, not Joseph Stalin, attended an Allied conference in this city in November 1943. Saladin desecrated its famous al-Azhar university. The Fatimid Caliphate was centered in this modern city. Muhammad Ali Pasha massacred the (*) Mamelukes at this city's Citadel. The Arab League is headquartered here. The “Friday of departure” rocked this city’s central Tahrir Square with protests against Hosni Mubarak. For 10 points, name this most populous city in Africa, the capital of Egypt.

ANSWER: building the Pyramids [accept word forms or descriptions indicating the construction of the Pyramids or the Great Pyramid of Giza]

Description Acceptable. John Taylor claimed that this activity used a namesake “inch” called the “sacred cubit.” This activity was accomplished with the help of an internal spiral structure according to Jean-Pierre Houdin. Herodotus claimed that this activity was assisted by a “short wooden machine” that moved by inserting lengths of wood. The Diary of Merer documents this activity, which relied on (*) sleds lubricated by water and levers instead of pulleys to move limestone slabs. The evolution of this activity from that of a “step” example for Djoser has been used to disprove Ancient Alien hypotheses about this activity. For 10 points, the pharaoh Khufu ordered the largest instance of what activity that involved creating a Wonder at Giza?

ANSWER: pyramids [accept bent pyramids or step pyramids or Great Pyramid of Giza]

 The creation myth of one civilization inspired the Benben stones that top these non-obelisk structures. A “bent” one of these structures was built for Sneferu. The architect Imhotep used stacked mastabas to design a (*) “step” one of these structures for Djoser. A noseless Sphinx statue sits near three “Great” examples of these structures in Giza. For 10 points, what monumental structures were often the burial sites of Egyptian Pharaohs?

ANSWER: pyramids [accept Great Pyramid; accept stepped pyramids; accept Great Pyramid of Giza]

The largest one of these structures by volume in the world is a "Great" one built at Cholula. The god Kukulcan is the dedicatee of El Castillo, one of these structures in a city on the Yucatán. The Maya and Aztecs primarily built (*) "stepped" ones of these structures, such as in the city of Chichen Itza. For 10 points, name these structures that Mesoamericans designed differently than the ones in Giza, Egypt.

ANSWER: Egyptian pyramids [accept Bent Pyramid or Step Pyramid or Great Pyramid of Giza]

In 2016, the first use of muon tomography in archaeology discovered a giant cavity in one of these structures. These structures supplanted earlier “houses of eternity,” or mastabas. Many of these structures were built at the city of Meroë during a revival in the building of these structures by the (*) Kingdom of Kush. A second one of these structures built by Sneferu is described as “bent,” while a “step” one of these structures was designed by Imhotep for Djoser. Texts written on the walls of these structures preceded the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead. For 10 points, name these structures, one of which in Giza is only surviving wonder of the world.

ANSWER: Memphis [accept Hut-ka-Ptah until "mansion"; prompt on "White Walls" before mention]

Quarters of this city were once named for the various foreign sectors found within it, such as a "Field of the Hittites", and sections named for Carians and Phoenicians. According to the theology of this city, its eponymous god created humans through the power of his heart and his speech. After his death, the body of Alexander the Great was laid to rest here before being moved to Alexandria. Originally known as "White Walls", one alternate name for this city was "mansion of the walls of Ptah". The pyramid fields of Abu Sir and Saqarrah are found in this city, and the latter is the home of the Step Pyramid of Djoser. For 10 points, identify this Ancient Egyptian capital.

ANSWER: Mongols [Accept obvious equivalents]

Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg attempted to subjugate this ethnic group during the chaos of the Russian Civil War. The Four Oirat was a confederation of tribes that primarily comprised this ethnic group. A kurultai was (*) a military, political, and religious council used by this ethnic group to select their new rulers. After gaining independence from the Qing (ch-ing) in the Xinhai (Shin-High) Revolution, this ethnic group was ruled by the Bogd Khan. FTP, name this ethnic group which gives their name to the largest contiguous empire in world history, which was ruled by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Mongols [accept Mongol Empire]

An expedition by these people against King Kertanegara ended with their betrayal by an ally who had helped them defeat the Kediri Kingdom. In one battle, the Đại Việt placed wooden stakes in the Bạch Đằng River to defeat these people’s navy, ending their campaign against the Trần dynasty. These people decisively defeated the “Southern” branch of one dynasty at the naval Battle of Yamen. The name (*) kamikaze was given to typhoons that halted these people’s attempts to invade Japan. These people invaded China and conquered the Song Dynasty in 1279. For 10 points, what people established the Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan.

ANSWER: Mongols [accept Mongol Empire]

The paiza metal pendant was carried by messengers of these people’s Yam postal system. Leaders of these people were elected by a Kurultai. A non-Byzantine Secret History chronicles the rise of these people’s first leader, who was born with the name (*) Temujin. These people ruled China through the Yuan dynasty of Kublai. For 10 points, the empire of what East Asian people was founded by Genghis Khan?

ANSWER: Mongols [accept Mongolia, anti prompt on Golden Horde before read]

These people lost to Dmitri Ivanovich at the battle of Kulikovo, causing him to take the name ‘Donskoy’. One leader of these people was later killed following the Great Stand on the Ugra River, where these people were defeated. Previously, at the battle of the Kalka River, these people used the tactic of (*) feigned retreat to achieve victory while led by Subutai. One group of these people were named for the color of their tents, the Golden Horde. For 10 points, name these people that conquered significant portions of Eastern Europe and Russia under the leadership of Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Mongol Empire [accept Ilkhanate before mention]

An emissary of this empire named Rychaldus attempted to forge an alliance at the Council of Lyon. The Compendium of Chronicles was a history of this empire authored by Rashid al Din. This empire’s general, Kitbuqa, was executed by Mamluks after losing the battle of Ain Jalut. After two of this empire’s messengers were killed, this empire conquered the (*) Khwarezmian Empire. The Tigris river is said to have run black with ink after troops from this empire destroyed the House of Wisdom and ended the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad. This empire’s Middle East holdings evolved into the Ilkhanate. For 10 points, name this empire founded by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Mongols (Accept Mongolians or Mongolia)

A subset of this group called the Keraites converted to Nestorian Christianity after missions from Rabban Bar Sauma. Another branch of this people called the Oirats captured the Chinese(+) Emperor in the Tumu Crisis. The Russian Empire committed genocide against the Buryat and Kalmyk variant of these people, and they were once ruled by the Austrian adventurer (*) Baron Ungern. The state of this ethnicity was once fractured into various regional states including one ruled by Chagatai, and the Ilkhanate. For 10 points, name this ethnicity whose nation-state is governed from Ulaanbaatar, and was once ruled by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: The Mongols [or Mongol Empire; or menggu ren; or Mongolyn Ezent Guren]

A ruler of these people split his army into sections called migghans [“mig-GHANZ”] and tumens [“too-menz”]. A leader of these people wrapped up Al-Musta’sim [“all-moo-stah-simm”] in a rug and had him trampled to death. That leader of these people destroyed buildings such as the Grand Library, which allegedly caused the Tigris to run black with ink. These people flung plague-infested corpses into Caffa [“cah-FAH”], which some scholars theorize led to the spread of the (*) Black Plague in Europe. These people were led by Hulagu during the 1258 sack of Baghdad, and they ruled the largest contiguous land empire in history. For 10 points, name these people from the steppes of Central Asia, who were led by Genghis and Kublai Khan.

ANSWER: Golden Horde [accept Kipchak Khanate before “Kipchak”; accept Ulus of Jochi or Jochid Ulus before “Jochi”; prompt on Mongols or Mongolian Empire; anti-prompt on Blue Horde or White Horde]

A campaign that included Kadan’s defeat of Henry the Pious conquered much of the land for this state. Bulgaria was thrice raided by this state’s noble Nogai, the great-grandson of a man named Jochi whose inheritance formed this state. This state’s population prominently featured Kipchaks, and it lost the Battle of (*)Kulikovo. Orda and Batu led the blue and white sections of this empire respectively, and this empire was led by Tokhtamysh until Timur’s attack left it to be conquered by Russia. For 10 points, give this westernmost of the initial Mongol successor states, named after the color of its tents.

ANSWER: Mongols [or Mongol Empire]

These people elected their leaders in mass councils called kurultai. These people defeated Hungary at the Battle of the Sajo River, and they also subjugated the Jin Chinese. This empire’s generals included Jebe and Subutai. This empire’s greatest ruler defeated the Khwarezmian Shah after he beheaded two ambassadors from this empire. That leader was succeeded by (*) Ogodei. These people founded the Yuan Dynasty, which began under Kublai Khan. For 10 points, name this horse culture from Central Asia who were led by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Mongols [or Mongol Empire]

A Nestorian named Rabban Bar Sauma tried to ally with France while serving as the ambassador to Europe of a dynasty of this empire. At Bach Tang, this empire lost to the Vietnamese, and they waged a costly war to conquer Champa. A dynasty of this empire, which took power after the Battle of Yamen, used a paper currency called the chao. Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew that dynasty of this empire and proclaimed himself the (*) Hongwu Emperor after the Red Turban Rebellion. The invasion of Japan by a leader of this empire, whose court was visited by Marco Polo, was repulsed with the help of “kamikaze” winds. For 10 points, name this empire ruled by Genghis and Kublai Khan.

ANSWER: Mongol invasions [accept Mongol conquests, Golden Horde attacks, or obvious equivalents; accept siege of Baghdad before mention; prompt on siege by the Mongols; prompt on partial answer; prompt on invasion or conquest of a particular country]

Description acceptable. The Persian historian Wassaf documented deaths during one of these events in Iraq, as well as a failed one against King Kertanegara. The Battle of Mohi and the Battle of Legnica marked two of these events in Poland and Hungary. The 1279 Battle of Yaman saw the success of one of these events, which led to the establishment of the (*) Yuan dynasty. Because of a “divine wind”, the Kamakura Shogunate was able to twice repel one of these attacks led by Kublai Khan. For 10 points, name these events in which a nomadic people often led by Khan's attempted to conquer land.

ANSWER: Mongol Empire (do not accept or prompt on “Mongolia”)

The Hashashin disbanded after this empire successfully besieged Alamut. This empire lost the Battle of Ain Jalut to the Mamluks in Palestine. Soldiers from this empire helped spread the bubonic plague by flinging infested corpses into cities. The Kurultai, a council of (*) clans for choosing the leader of this empire, forced its generals to end campaigns in Syria and near Vienna. That invasion of Europe was led by Subutai and Batu Khan. For 10 points, name this empire also led by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Mongols [or the Mongolian Empire; or the Mongol Empire; or Mongolians]

This empire's imperial guard were divided into day and night groups and were called Kheshig. Archers from this empire introduced a thumb ring to help with the release of their composite bows. This empire’s capital of Karakorum was established by its second ruler, (*) Ogedei (“oh-guh-dye”). A different ruler of this empire established the Yuan Dynasty of China and failed to invade Japan due to the appearance of kamikaze, or “divine wind.” For 10 points, name this Asian steppe empire that was once ruled by khans such as Kublai and Genghis.

ANSWER: Mongol Empire [or the Mongols; or Mongolia; or Golden Horde or Yuan until they are read, respectively]

Andre de Longjumeau carried a failed offer of French alliance with this empire. This empire employed the Pony Express-like yam communication system. Like the Turks, people in this empire followed Tengrism. This empire lobbed dead bodies into the Genoan city of Caffa, starting the Black Death in Europe. It used a trebuchet to beat the Southern (*) Song at Xiangyang [SHAWN-yang]. This empire’s army was reinforced by light cavalry called mangudai who could allegedly ride for days, drinking only horse milk. The empire’s namesake “peace” ended with the fall of the Golden Horde and Yuan Dynasties. For 10 points, name this land empire founded by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Mongol Empire (accept Mongols; do not accept Mongolia or Mongolian (Empire))

This empire was defeated at Ain Jalut in 1260, two years after Hulagu led it in the sacking of Baghdad. Its leaders were protected by bodyguards called keshiks, and its capital was at Karakorum. Near the end of the 13th century, it broke into fragments including the (*) Yuan Dynasty and the Golden Horde. It was united in 1206 by Temujin, who took the title Genghis Khan. For 10 points, name this nomadic Central Asian empire.

ANSWER: Mongol Empire [or the Mongols; or the Golden Horde; or the il-Khanate]

This empire’s military included commanders called noyans, and was made up of divisions of 10,000 soldiers called tumen. Archers in this empire introduced a thumb ring on a composite recurved bow. This force used human shields in a tactic called kharash. Their light “suicide” cavalry were called the mangudai. This empire, which lost to the Mamluks at Ain Jalut, notoriously flung the bodies of plague-infested corpses with their counterweight trebuchets, spreading the Black Death. Legendarily, this empire’s forces drank the milk of the horses that they rode on. They failed to invade Japan due to kamikaze. For 10 points, name this huge land empire led by khans such as Genghis.

ANSWER: Mongols [accept Mongolians]

Subgroups of this ethnicity include the Oirats and the Khalkha, the former of whom reside in the North Caucasus, where they are known as Kalmyks. During the festival of Naadam they participate in "the three games of men." Their modern-day capital is named after a "red hero" who helped defeat the White Russian warlord Ungern von Sternburg. This group's native religion is centered on Tengri, or the "sky-father." They conquered the Khwarezmian Empire and were defeated at the Ugra River and at Ain Jalut. Many of them live in yurts. For 10 points, name this ethnic group united in the 13th century by Genghis Khan.

ANSWER: Yuan Dynasty

This was the first dynasty to implement a paper currency not based on precious metals, a legal tender known as chao. The founder of this dynasty implemented his people’s law code, a form of government known as “yassa.” It established its capital at Cambaluc [khan-ball-ack], now modern day Beijing. It’s not the Qing Dynasty but this house notably came into conflict with members of the White Lotus Society during one revolt, and this dynasty’s attempts to invade Japan were thwarted by “divine winds.” Famously overthrown by the Red Turban rebellion this was, for ten points, what Chinese dynasty founded by Kublai Khan?

ANSWER: Kublai Khan [or Emperor Shizu of Yuan]

After this ruler defeated his brother, Ariq Böke, he conquered one region after the Battle of Yamen. This leader’s attempted invasions of Japan were stopped by a “divine wind," or kamikaze. While he was emperor of a (*) Chinese dynasty, this leader’s court was visited by the Venetian merchant Marco Polo. For 10 points, name this Mongol ruler of the Yuan Dynasty, the grandson of Genghis.

ANSWER: Yuan Dynasty

This Dynasty’s name was taken from a passage of the I Ching, meaning “Original Heaven”, and during its reign China saw the increased use of the vernacular written Chinese. Zhu Yuanzhang expelled the last of its ten emperors from the capital Dadu, and the dynasty also saw the first connection of the Grand Canal to Beijing. Though the founder captured Korea, (*) he was repulsed in his territorial ambitions with three failed invasions of Vietnam and two failed invasions of Japan.  For 10 points – name this dynasty Marco Polo visited, whose most famous leader was Kublai Khan.

ANSWER: Yuan Dyansty [JoC]

 It became the first dynasty of its nation to use a unified paper money system not backed by silver or gold, and it abolished, but later reinstated, the earlier civil service examinations. It established one capital at Dadu, which literally means “Great Capital.” Defeated by the forces of Zhu Yuanzhang, a part of the (*) Red Turban Rebellion. Its attempts to invade Japan were repelled by kamikaze, or ‘divine winds’, and after less than a century it was succeeded by the Ming Dynasty. For 10 points, name this Mongol-founded Chinese dynasty founded and ruled by Kublai Khan.

ANSWER: Yuan Dynasty [prompt on Mongol Dynasty before “Mongols,” prompt on Empire of the Great Khan]

This dynasty was the first to widely circulate Chao, or paper money made from bark, and its landscape artists included the “Four Masters” of this dynasty, including Huang Gongwang. It faced the Red Turban Rebellion, whose leader Zhu Yuanzhang eventually toppled this dynasty. It divided its subjects into four social classes based on perceived loyalty; foreigners were esteemed by it. This dynasty won the naval battle of Yamen to defeat the remains of an earlier dynasty to the South. It used Korean ships in an unsuccessful attempt to attack Japan. One of this dynasty's rulers established his capital at Khanbaliq and was the grandson of Ghenghis Khan. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty established by the Mongols.