UNIT 7 APUSH

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A naval strategist who wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History', arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who penned 'The White Man’s Burden', justifying imperialism as a duty to civilize non-Western peoples.

William Jennings Bryan

Populist and Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his 'Cross of Gold' speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial.

William McKinley

25th U.S. president who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated.

William Randolph Hearst

Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain.

Alice Paul

A suffragist who led the National Woman’s Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A key leader in the women’s suffrage movement and co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments.

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times and was jailed for opposing World War I.

Father John Ryan

A Catholic priest who promoted social justice and economic reform, advocating for a living wage.

Gifford Pinchot

Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that helped immigrants and the poor.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book 'The Shame of the Cities'.

Louis Brandeis

Progressive lawyer and first Jewish Supreme Court justice, known for his advocacy of social justice and economic reform.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms.

Thorstein Veblen

Economist and social critic who coined 'conspicuous consumption' in 'The Theory of the Leisure Class'.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans.

John J. Pershing

U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader who promoted the 'Back to Africa' movement and founded the UNIA.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy.

A. Philip Randolph

Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military.

Alain Locke

Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts.

Al Smith

First Catholic presidential candidate, opposed Prohibition, lost to Hoover in 1928.

Duke Ellington

Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.

H.L. Mencken

Journalist and social critic known for his satirical writing on American society.

Herbert Hoover

31st U.S. president who faced criticism for his handling of the Great Depression.

Jelly Roll Morton

Influential jazz pianist and composer.

Langston Hughes

Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.

Issei/Nisei

Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children.

Scopes (from Monkey Trial)

John Scopes was a teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.

Sinclair Lewis

Novelist who criticized American society in 'Babbitt' and 'Main Street'.

Bonus Army

World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military.

Clifford Odets

Playwright who wrote socially critical works like 'Waiting for Lefty'.

Erskine Caldwell

Novelist who depicted Southern poverty in 'Tobacco Road'.

Frank Capra

Filmmaker known for optimistic, populist movies like 'It’s a Wonderful Life'.

John Dos Passos

Novelist who wrote about social and economic issues in the 'U.S.A. Trilogy'.

John Steinbeck

Author of 'The Grapes of Wrath', depicting Dust Bowl struggles.

Orson Welles

Filmmaker and radio producer, famous for 'Citizen Kane' and 'War of the Worlds' broadcast.

Richard Wright

African American writer who explored racial themes in 'Native Son' and 'Black Boy'.

Charles E. Coughlin

Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs.

Frances Perkins

First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal.

Francis E. Townsend

Proposed an old-age pension plan that influenced Social Security.

Harry Hopkins

New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

Huey Long

Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the 'Share Our Wealth' program before being assassinated.

John Collier

Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act.

John L. Lewis

Labor leader who led the United Mine Workers and helped form the CIO.

Marian Anderson

African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall.

Schechter Brothers

Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA.

Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito

Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II.

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State who promoted free trade and was involved in founding the United Nations.

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War who oversaw U.S. military policy during WWII.

Hideki Tojo

Japanese prime minister and military leader responsible for Pearl Harbor.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Supreme Allied Commander in WWII, later 34th U.S. president.

Enrico Fermi

Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb.

Harry S. Truman

33rd U.S. president, ordered the atomic bombings and initiated the Cold War containment policy.

Korematsu

Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of women’s industrial work during WWII.

Reverend Josiah Strong

A clergyman who promoted American imperialism by arguing that Anglo-Saxons were destined to spread Christianity and civilization.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American businessmen and the U.S. government in 1893.

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher who pioneered yellow journalism and helped shape public opinion during the Spanish-American War.

Leonard Wood

U.S. Army officer who led the Rough Riders and was military governor of Cuba.

George Dewey

U.S. naval commander who led the decisive victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War.

Anti-Imperialists

Prominent figures like Carnegie, Twain, and Gompers who opposed imperialistic policies.

John Hay

Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy to ensure U.S. access to trade in China.

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican military leader who seized power in 1913, leading to U.S. opposition and intervention.

Jacob Riis

Journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book 'How the Other Half Lives'.

Nellie Bly

Investigative journalist who exposed abuses in mental institutions and pioneered undercover reporting.

Ida Wells

African American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching campaign.

Frank Norris

Muckraking novelist who wrote 'The Octopus', criticizing monopolistic railroad practices.

Upton Sinclair

Author of 'The Jungle', which exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.

Frances Willard

Leader of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, advocating for prohibition and women’s rights.

Richard Ballinger

U.S. Secretary of the Interior whose pro-business policies led to a major scandal in the Taft administration.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-sufficiency as a path to racial progress.

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination sparked World War I.

Creel Committee

Government agency that used propaganda to gain public support for WWI.

Charles Schenck

Socialist convicted for opposing the draft, whose case led to limits on free speech during wartime.

Doughboys

Nickname for American soldiers in World War I.

Alvin York

American soldier and war hero who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Argonne Forest.

Flappers

Young women who defied traditional norms by embracing new fashions, social behaviors, and greater independence.

John Scopes

A teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.

Duke Ellington

Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes

Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.

Alain Locke

Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance.

Al Capone

Infamous gangster who controlled Chicago’s illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition.

Ernest Hemingway

Modernist author known for 'The Sun Also Rises' and 'A Farewell to Arms'.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Author of 'The Great Gatsby', which critiqued the excesses of the Roaring Twenties.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury known for promoting tax cuts and pro-business policies in the 1920s.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs.

Harry Hopkins

New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration.

Schechter Brothers

Supreme Court case owners of a poultry business whose case struck down the NRA.