UNIT 7 APUSH

Alfred Thayer Mahan – A naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion.Β 

Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.Β 

Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill.Β 

Rudyard Kipling – British writer who penned The White Man’s Burden, a poem that justified imperialism as a duty to "civilize" non-Western peoples.Β 

William Jennings Bryan – Populist and Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his "Cross of Gold" speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial.Β 

William McKinley – 25th U.S. president (1897–1901) who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated.Β 

William Randolph Hearst – Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain.Β 

Alice Paul – A suffragist who led the National Woman’s Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment.Β 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton – A key leader in the women’s suffrage movement and co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments.Β 

Eugene Debs – Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times and was jailed for opposing World War I.Β 

Father John Ryan – A Catholic priest who promoted social justice and economic reform, advocating for a living wage.Β 

Gifford Pinchot – Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use.Β 

Ida Tarbell – Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil.Β 

Jane Addams – Founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that helped immigrants and the poor.Β 

Lincoln Steffens – Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book The Shame of the Cities.Β 

Louis Brandeis – Progressive lawyer and first Jewish Supreme Court justice, known for his advocacy of social justice and economic reform.Β 

Muckrakers – Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Β 

Robert La Follette – Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms.Β 

Thorstein Veblen – Economist and social critic who coined "conspicuous consumption" in The Theory of the Leisure Class.Β 

W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans.Β 

John J. Pershing – U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.Β 

Marcus Garvey – Black nationalist leader who promoted the "Back to Africa" movement and founded the UNIA.Β 

Sacco and Vanzetti – Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.Β 

Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing.Β 

Henry Cabot Lodge – Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy.Β 

A. Philip Randolph – Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military.Β 

Alain Locke – Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts.Β 

Al Smith – First Catholic presidential candidate, opposed Prohibition, lost to Hoover in 1928.Β 

Duke Ellington – Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.Β 

H.L. Mencken – Journalist and social critic known for his satirical writing on American society.Β 

Herbert Hoover – 31st U.S. president who faced criticism for his handling of the Great Depression.Β 

Jelly Roll Morton – Influential jazz pianist and composer.Β 

Langston Hughes – Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.Β 

Margaret Sanger – Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.Β 

Issei/Nisei – Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children.Β 

Scopes (from Monkey Trial) – John Scopes was a teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.Β 

Sinclair Lewis – Novelist who criticized American society in Babbitt and Main Street.Β 

Bonus Army – World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military.Β 

Clifford Odets – Playwright who wrote socially critical works like Waiting for Lefty.Β 

Erskine Caldwell – Novelist who depicted Southern poverty in Tobacco Road.Β 

Frank Capra – Filmmaker known for optimistic, populist movies like It’s a Wonderful Life.Β 

John Dos Passos – Novelist who wrote about social and economic issues in the U.S.A. Trilogy.Β 

John Steinbeck – Author of The Grapes of Wrath, depicting Dust Bowl struggles.Β 

Orson Welles – Filmmaker and radio producer, famous for Citizen Kane and War of the Worlds broadcast.Β 

Richard Wright – African American writer who explored racial themes in Native Son and Black Boy.Β 

Charles E. Coughlin – Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views.Β 

Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs.Β 

Frances Perkins – First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal.Β 

Francis E. Townsend – Proposed an old-age pension plan that influenced Social Security.Β 

Harry Hopkins – New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).Β 

Huey Long – Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program before being assassinated.Β 

John Collier – Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act.Β 

John L. Lewis – Labor leader who led the United Mine Workers and helped form the CIO.Β 

Marian Anderson – African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall.Β 

Schechter Brothers – Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA.Β 

Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito – Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II.Β 

Cordell Hull – Secretary of State who promoted free trade and was involved in founding the United Nations.Β 

Henry Stimson – Secretary of War who oversaw U.S. military policy during WWII.Β 

Hideki Tojo – Japanese prime minister and military leader responsible for Pearl Harbor.Β 

Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander in WWII, later 34th U.S. president.Β 

Enrico Fermi – Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb.Β 

Harry S. Truman – 33rd U.S. president, ordered the atomic bombings and initiated the Cold War containment policy.Β 

Korematsu – Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case.Β 

Rosie the Riveter – Symbol of women’s industrial work during WWII.Β 

____________________________________________________________________________________Β 

CH 20 - IMPERIALISMΒ 

  1. Reverend Josiah Strong – A clergyman who promoted American imperialism by arguing that Anglo-Saxons were destined to spread Christianity and civilization.Β 

  1. Alfred Thayer Mahan – A naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion.Β 

  1. Queen Liliuokalani – The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American businessmen and the U.S. government in 1893.Β 

  1. Joseph Pulitzer – Newspaper publisher who pioneered yellow journalism and helped shape public opinion during the Spanish-American War.Β 

  1. William Randolph Hearst – Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain.Β Β 

  1. Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill.Β Β 

  1. Leonard Wood – U.S. Army officer who led the Rough Riders and military governor of Cuba.Β 

  1. George Dewey – U.S. naval commander who led the decisive victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War.Β 

  1. Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.Β Β 

  1. Anti-Imperialists – Carnegie, Twain, GompersΒ 

  1. John Hay – Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy to ensure U.S. access to trade in China.Β 

  1. Victoriano Huerta – Mexican military leader who seized power in 1913, leading to U.S. opposition and intervention.Β 

  1. Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing.Β Β 

CH 21 - PROGRESSIVE ERAΒ 

  1. Jacob Riis – Journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book How the Other Half Lives.Β 

  1. Muckrakers – Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Β Β 

  1. Ida Tarbell – Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil.Β Β 

  1. Nellie Bly – Investigative journalist who exposed abuses in mental institutions and pioneered undercover reporting.Β 

  1. Ida Wells – African American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching campaign.Β 

  1. Lincoln Steffens – Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book The Shame of the Cities.Β Β 

  1. Frank Norris – Muckraking novelist who wrote The Octopus, criticizing monopolistic railroad practices.Β 

  1. Upton Sinclair – Author of The Jungle, which exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.Β 

  1. Robert La Follette – Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms.Β Β 

  1. Margaret Sanger – Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.Β Β 

  1. Frances Willard – Leader of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, advocating for prohibition and women’s rights.Β 

  1. Alice Paul – A suffragist who led the National Woman’s Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment.Β Β 

  1. Gifford Pinchot – Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use.Β Β 

  1. Richard Ballinger – U.S. Secretary of the Interior whose pro-business policies led to a major scandal in the Taft administration and deepened the Republican Party split between progressives and conservatives.Β 

  1. Booker T. Washington – African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-sufficiency as a path to racial progress.Β 

  1. W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans.Β Β 

  1. Eugene Debs – Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times.Β Β 

CH 22 - WWIΒ 

  1. Franz Ferdinand – Archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination sparked World War I.Β 

  1. Creel Committee – Government agency that used propaganda to gain public support for WWI.Β 

  1. Charles Schenck – Socialist convicted for opposing the draft, leading to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Schenck v. United States, which limited free speech during wartime.Β 

  1. John J. Pershing – U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.Β Β 

  1. Doughboys – Nickname for American soldiers in World War I.Β 

  1. Alvin York – American soldier and war hero who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Argonne Forest.Β 

  1. Henry Cabot Lodge – Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy.Β Β 

CH 23 - 1920sΒ 

  1. Flappers – Young women who defied traditional norms by embracing new fashions, social behaviors, and greater independence.Β 

  1. John Scopes – A teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.Β Β 

  1. William Jennings Bryan – Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his "Cross of Gold" speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial.Β Β 

  1. Sacco and Vanzetti – Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.Β Β 

  1. Duke Ellington – Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.Β Β 

  1. Langston Hughes – Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.Β Β 

  1. Alain Locke – Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts.Β Β 

  1. Al Capone – Infamous gangster who controlled Chicago’s illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition.Β 

  1. Ernest Hemingway – Modernist author known for The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms.Β 

  1. F. Scott Fitzgerald – Author of The Great Gatsby, which captured the excesses of the Roaring Twenties.Β 

  1. Andrew Mellon – Secretary of the Treasury who promoted tax cuts and pro-business policies in the 1920s.Β 

CH 24/25 - GREAT DEPRESSIONΒ 

  1. Bonus Army – World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military.Β Β 

  1. Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs.Β 

  1. Harry Hopkins – New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).Β Β 

  1. Schechter Brothers – Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA.Β Β 

  1. Huey Long – Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program before being assassinated.Β Β 

  1. Charles E. Coughlin – Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views.Β Β 

  1. John Collier – Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act.Β Β 

  1. Frances Perkins – First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal.Β Β 

  1. Marian Anderson – African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall.Β Β 

CH 26/27 - WWIIΒ 

  1. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito – Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II.Β Β 

  1. Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister who led the UK during World War II and was a key figure in the Allied victory.Β 

  1. Issei/Nisei – Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children.Β Β 

  1. Korematsu – Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case.Β Β 

  1. Rosie the Riveter – Symbol of women’s industrial work during WWII.Β Β 

  1. A. Philip Randolph – Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military.Β Β 

  1. Tuskegee Airmen – The first African American military pilots who served with distinction in World War II.Β 

  1. Vernon Baker – African American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for bravery in World War II.Β 

  1. George Marshall – U.S. Army Chief of Staff during WWII and architect of the Marshall Plan for postwar Europe.Β 

  1. Douglas MacArthur – U.S. general who led the Pacific campaign and oversaw the occupation of Japan after WWII.Β 

  1. Chester Nimitz – Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet who played a key role in victories at Midway and beyond.Β 

  1. Code Talkers – Native American soldiers, primarily Navajo, who developed an unbreakable code for secure military communications.Β 

  1. Braceros – Mexican laborers who worked in U.S. agriculture during WWII under a wartime labor program.Β 

  1. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander in WWIIΒ 

  1. George Patton – Aggressive U.S. general known for leading tank divisions in North Africa and Europe.Β 

  1. Omar Bradley – U.S. general who commanded forces during the D-Day invasion and the liberation of France.Β 

  1. Albert Einstein – A German-born physicist who played a key role in advocating for the development of the atomic bomb.Β 

  1. Enrico Fermi – Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb.Β Β 

  1. J. Robert Oppenheimer – Lead scientist of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb.Β 

PRESIDENTSΒ 

  1. William McKinley – 25th U.S. president (1897–1901) who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated.Β Β 

  1. Theodore Roosevelt – 26th U.S. president (1901–1909) known for his progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and "Big Stick" foreign policy.Β 

  1. William Howard Taft – 27th U.S. president (1909–1913) who later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.Β 

  1. Woodrow Wilson – 28th U.S. president (1913–1921) who led the nation during WWI and promoted the League of Nations.Β 

  1. Warren G. Harding – 29th U.S. president (1921–1923) known for scandals like Teapot Dome but also advocating a "return to normalcy."Β 

  1. Calvin Coolidge – 30th U.S. president (1923–1929) who promoted pro-business policies and economic growth in the 1920s.Β 

  1. Herbert Hoover – 31st U.S. president (1929–1933) who struggled to combat the Great Depression.Β 

  1. Franklin D. Roosevelt – 32nd U.S. president (1933–1945) who led the U.S. through the Great Depression and WWII with his New Deal and wartime leadership.Β 

  1. Harry S. Truman – 33rd U.S. president (1945–1953) who ended WWII by ordering atomic bombings on Japan and initiated Cold War policies.Β 

Β 

AMENDMENTSΒ 

16th Amendment – Gave Congress the power to levy a federal income tax without apportioning it among the states.Β 

17th Amendment – Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote instead of being chosen by state legislatures.Β 

18th Amendment – Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, starting Prohibition.Β 

19th Amendment – Granted women the right to vote, a major victory for the women’s suffrage movement.Β 

20th Amendment – Changed the dates of presidential and congressional terms; the president is now inaugurated on January 20th instead of March 4th.Β 

21st Amendment – Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition and allowing alcohol sales again.Β 

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