UNIT 7 APUSH

Alfred Thayer Mahan – A naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion. 

Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War. 

Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill. 

Rudyard Kipling – British writer who penned The White Man’s Burden, a poem that justified imperialism as a duty to "civilize" non-Western peoples. 

William Jennings Bryan – Populist and Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his "Cross of Gold" speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial. 

William McKinley – 25th U.S. president (1897–1901) who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated. 

William Randolph Hearst – Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain. 

Alice Paul – A suffragist who led the National Woman’s Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment. 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton – A key leader in the women’s suffrage movement and co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments. 

Eugene Debs – Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times and was jailed for opposing World War I. 

Father John Ryan – A Catholic priest who promoted social justice and economic reform, advocating for a living wage. 

Gifford Pinchot – Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use. 

Ida Tarbell – Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil. 

Jane Addams – Founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that helped immigrants and the poor. 

Lincoln Steffens – Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book The Shame of the Cities. 

Louis Brandeis – Progressive lawyer and first Jewish Supreme Court justice, known for his advocacy of social justice and economic reform. 

Muckrakers – Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

Robert La Follette – Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms. 

Thorstein Veblen – Economist and social critic who coined "conspicuous consumption" in The Theory of the Leisure Class. 

W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans. 

John J. Pershing – U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. 

Marcus Garvey – Black nationalist leader who promoted the "Back to Africa" movement and founded the UNIA. 

Sacco and Vanzetti – Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment. 

Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing. 

Henry Cabot Lodge – Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy. 

A. Philip Randolph – Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military. 

Alain Locke – Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts. 

Al Smith – First Catholic presidential candidate, opposed Prohibition, lost to Hoover in 1928. 

Duke Ellington – Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance. 

H.L. Mencken – Journalist and social critic known for his satirical writing on American society. 

Herbert Hoover – 31st U.S. president who faced criticism for his handling of the Great Depression. 

Jelly Roll Morton – Influential jazz pianist and composer. 

Langston Hughes – Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America. 

Margaret Sanger – Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood. 

Issei/Nisei – Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children. 

Scopes (from Monkey Trial) – John Scopes was a teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925. 

Sinclair Lewis – Novelist who criticized American society in Babbitt and Main Street. 

Bonus Army – World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military. 

Clifford Odets – Playwright who wrote socially critical works like Waiting for Lefty. 

Erskine Caldwell – Novelist who depicted Southern poverty in Tobacco Road. 

Frank Capra – Filmmaker known for optimistic, populist movies like It’s a Wonderful Life. 

John Dos Passos – Novelist who wrote about social and economic issues in the U.S.A. Trilogy. 

John Steinbeck – Author of The Grapes of Wrath, depicting Dust Bowl struggles. 

Orson Welles – Filmmaker and radio producer, famous for Citizen Kane and War of the Worlds broadcast. 

Richard Wright – African American writer who explored racial themes in Native Son and Black Boy. 

Charles E. Coughlin – Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views. 

Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs. 

Frances Perkins – First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal. 

Francis E. Townsend – Proposed an old-age pension plan that influenced Social Security. 

Harry Hopkins – New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). 

Huey Long – Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program before being assassinated. 

John Collier – Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act. 

John L. Lewis – Labor leader who led the United Mine Workers and helped form the CIO. 

Marian Anderson – African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall. 

Schechter Brothers – Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA. 

Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito – Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II. 

Cordell Hull – Secretary of State who promoted free trade and was involved in founding the United Nations. 

Henry Stimson – Secretary of War who oversaw U.S. military policy during WWII. 

Hideki Tojo – Japanese prime minister and military leader responsible for Pearl Harbor. 

Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander in WWII, later 34th U.S. president. 

Enrico Fermi – Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb. 

Harry S. Truman – 33rd U.S. president, ordered the atomic bombings and initiated the Cold War containment policy. 

Korematsu – Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case. 

Rosie the Riveter – Symbol of women’s industrial work during WWII. 

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CH 20 - IMPERIALISM 

1. Reverend Josiah Strong – A clergyman who promoted American imperialism by arguing that Anglo-Saxons were destined to spread Christianity and civilization. 

2. Alfred Thayer Mahan – A naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion. 

3. Queen Liliuokalani – The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American businessmen and the U.S. government in 1893. 

4. Joseph Pulitzer – Newspaper publisher who pioneered yellow journalism and helped shape public opinion during the Spanish-American War. 

5. William Randolph Hearst – Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain.  

6. Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill.  

7. Leonard Wood – U.S. Army officer who led the Rough Riders and military governor of Cuba. 

8. George Dewey – U.S. naval commander who led the decisive victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War. 

9. Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.  

10. Anti-Imperialists – Carnegie, Twain, Gompers 

11. John Hay – Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy to ensure U.S. access to trade in China. 

12. Victoriano Huerta – Mexican military leader who seized power in 1913, leading to U.S. opposition and intervention. 

13. Pancho Villa – Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing.  

CH 21 - PROGRESSIVE ERA 

1. Jacob Riis – Journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book How the Other Half Lives. 

2. Muckrakers – Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  

3. Ida Tarbell – Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil.  

4. Nellie Bly – Investigative journalist who exposed abuses in mental institutions and pioneered undercover reporting. 

5. Ida Wells – African American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching campaign. 

6. Lincoln Steffens – Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book The Shame of the Cities.  

7. Frank Norris – Muckraking novelist who wrote The Octopus, criticizing monopolistic railroad practices. 

8. Upton Sinclair – Author of The Jungle, which exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms. 

9. Robert La Follette – Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms.  

10. Margaret Sanger – Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.  

11. Frances Willard – Leader of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, advocating for prohibition and women’s rights. 

12. Alice Paul – A suffragist who led the National Woman’s Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment.  

13. Gifford Pinchot – Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use.  

14. Richard Ballinger – U.S. Secretary of the Interior whose pro-business policies led to a major scandal in the Taft administration and deepened the Republican Party split between progressives and conservatives. 

15. Booker T. Washington – African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-sufficiency as a path to racial progress. 

16. W.E.B. Du Bois – Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans.  

17. Eugene Debs – Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times.  

CH 22 - WWI 

1. Franz Ferdinand – Archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination sparked World War I. 

2. Creel Committee – Government agency that used propaganda to gain public support for WWI. 

3. Charles Schenck – Socialist convicted for opposing the draft, leading to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Schenck v. United States, which limited free speech during wartime. 

4. John J. Pershing – U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.  

5. Doughboys – Nickname for American soldiers in World War I. 

6. Alvin York – American soldier and war hero who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Argonne Forest. 

7. Henry Cabot Lodge – Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy.  

CH 23 - 1920s 

1. Flappers – Young women who defied traditional norms by embracing new fashions, social behaviors, and greater independence. 

2. John Scopes – A teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.  

3. William Jennings Bryan – Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his "Cross of Gold" speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial.  

4. Sacco and Vanzetti – Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.  

5. Duke Ellington – Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.  

6. Langston Hughes – Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.  

7. Alain Locke – Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts.  

8. Al Capone – Infamous gangster who controlled Chicago’s illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition. 

9. Ernest Hemingway – Modernist author known for The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. 

10. F. Scott Fitzgerald – Author of The Great Gatsby, which captured the excesses of the Roaring Twenties. 

11. Andrew Mellon – Secretary of the Treasury who promoted tax cuts and pro-business policies in the 1920s. 

CH 24/25 - GREAT DEPRESSION 

1. Bonus Army – World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military.  

2. Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs. 

3. Harry Hopkins – New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).  

4. Schechter Brothers – Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA.  

5. Huey Long – Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program before being assassinated.  

6. Charles E. Coughlin – Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views.  

7. John Collier – Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act.  

8. Frances Perkins – First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal.  

9. Marian Anderson – African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall.  

CH 26/27 - WWII 

1. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito – Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II.  

2. Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister who led the UK during World War II and was a key figure in the Allied victory. 

3. Issei/Nisei – Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children.  

4. Korematsu – Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case.  

5. Rosie the Riveter – Symbol of women’s industrial work during WWII.  

6. A. Philip Randolph – Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military.  

7. Tuskegee Airmen – The first African American military pilots who served with distinction in World War II. 

8. Vernon Baker – African American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for bravery in World War II. 

9. George Marshall – U.S. Army Chief of Staff during WWII and architect of the Marshall Plan for postwar Europe. 

10. Douglas MacArthur – U.S. general who led the Pacific campaign and oversaw the occupation of Japan after WWII. 

11. Chester Nimitz – Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet who played a key role in victories at Midway and beyond. 

12. Code Talkers – Native American soldiers, primarily Navajo, who developed an unbreakable code for secure military communications. 

13. Braceros – Mexican laborers who worked in U.S. agriculture during WWII under a wartime labor program. 

14. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander in WWII 

15. George Patton – Aggressive U.S. general known for leading tank divisions in North Africa and Europe. 

16. Omar Bradley – U.S. general who commanded forces during the D-Day invasion and the liberation of France. 

17. Albert Einstein – A German-born physicist who played a key role in advocating for the development of the atomic bomb. 

18. Enrico Fermi – Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb.  

19. J. Robert Oppenheimer – Lead scientist of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. 

PRESIDENTS 

1. William McKinley – 25th U.S. president (1897–1901) who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated.  

2. Theodore Roosevelt – 26th U.S. president (1901–1909) known for his progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and "Big Stick" foreign policy. 

3. William Howard Taft – 27th U.S. president (1909–1913) who later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 

4. Woodrow Wilson – 28th U.S. president (1913–1921) who led the nation during WWI and promoted the League of Nations. 

5. Warren G. Harding – 29th U.S. president (1921–1923) known for scandals like Teapot Dome but also advocating a "return to normalcy." 

6. Calvin Coolidge – 30th U.S. president (1923–1929) who promoted pro-business policies and economic growth in the 1920s. 

7. Herbert Hoover – 31st U.S. president (1929–1933) who struggled to combat the Great Depression. 

8. Franklin D. Roosevelt – 32nd U.S. president (1933–1945) who led the U.S. through the Great Depression and WWII with his New Deal and wartime leadership. 

9. Harry S. Truman – 33rd U.S. president (1945–1953) who ended WWII by ordering atomic bombings on Japan and initiated Cold War policies. 

AMENDMENTS 

16th Amendment – Gave Congress the power to levy a federal income tax without apportioning it among the states. 

17th Amendment – Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote instead of being chosen by state legislatures. 

18th Amendment – Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, starting Prohibition. 

19th Amendment – Granted women the right to vote, a major victory for the women’s suffrage movement. 

20th Amendment – Changed the dates of presidential and congressional terms; the president is now inaugurated on January 20th instead of March 4th. 

21st Amendment – Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition and allowing alcohol sales again.