Alfred Thayer Mahan β A naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion.Β
Emilio Aguinaldo β Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.Β
Rough Riders β A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill.Β
Rudyard Kipling β British writer who penned The White Manβs Burden, a poem that justified imperialism as a duty to "civilize" non-Western peoples.Β
William Jennings Bryan β Populist and Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his "Cross of Gold" speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial.Β
William McKinley β 25th U.S. president (1897β1901) who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated.Β
William Randolph Hearst β Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain.Β
Alice Paul β A suffragist who led the National Womanβs Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment.Β
Elizabeth Cady Stanton β A key leader in the womenβs suffrage movement and co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments.Β
Eugene Debs β Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times and was jailed for opposing World War I.Β
Father John Ryan β A Catholic priest who promoted social justice and economic reform, advocating for a living wage.Β
Gifford Pinchot β Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use.Β
Ida Tarbell β Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil.Β
Jane Addams β Founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that helped immigrants and the poor.Β
Lincoln Steffens β Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book The Shame of the Cities.Β
Louis Brandeis β Progressive lawyer and first Jewish Supreme Court justice, known for his advocacy of social justice and economic reform.Β
Muckrakers β Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Β
Robert La Follette β Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms.Β
Thorstein Veblen β Economist and social critic who coined "conspicuous consumption" in The Theory of the Leisure Class.Β
W.E.B. Du Bois β Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans.Β
John J. Pershing β U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.Β
Marcus Garvey β Black nationalist leader who promoted the "Back to Africa" movement and founded the UNIA.Β
Sacco and Vanzetti β Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.Β
Pancho Villa β Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing.Β
Henry Cabot Lodge β Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy.Β
A. Philip Randolph β Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military.Β
Alain Locke β Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts.Β
Al Smith β First Catholic presidential candidate, opposed Prohibition, lost to Hoover in 1928.Β
Duke Ellington β Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.Β
H.L. Mencken β Journalist and social critic known for his satirical writing on American society.Β
Herbert Hoover β 31st U.S. president who faced criticism for his handling of the Great Depression.Β
Jelly Roll Morton β Influential jazz pianist and composer.Β
Langston Hughes β Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.Β
Margaret Sanger β Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.Β
Issei/Nisei β Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children.Β
Scopes (from Monkey Trial) β John Scopes was a teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.Β
Sinclair Lewis β Novelist who criticized American society in Babbitt and Main Street.Β
Bonus Army β World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military.Β
Clifford Odets β Playwright who wrote socially critical works like Waiting for Lefty.Β
Erskine Caldwell β Novelist who depicted Southern poverty in Tobacco Road.Β
Frank Capra β Filmmaker known for optimistic, populist movies like Itβs a Wonderful Life.Β
John Dos Passos β Novelist who wrote about social and economic issues in the U.S.A. Trilogy.Β
John Steinbeck β Author of The Grapes of Wrath, depicting Dust Bowl struggles.Β
Orson Welles β Filmmaker and radio producer, famous for Citizen Kane and War of the Worlds broadcast.Β
Richard Wright β African American writer who explored racial themes in Native Son and Black Boy.Β
Charles E. Coughlin β Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views.Β
Eleanor Roosevelt β First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs.Β
Frances Perkins β First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal.Β
Francis E. Townsend β Proposed an old-age pension plan that influenced Social Security.Β
Harry Hopkins β New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).Β
Huey Long β Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program before being assassinated.Β
John Collier β Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act.Β
John L. Lewis β Labor leader who led the United Mine Workers and helped form the CIO.Β
Marian Anderson β African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall.Β
Schechter Brothers β Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA.Β
Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito β Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II.Β
Cordell Hull β Secretary of State who promoted free trade and was involved in founding the United Nations.Β
Henry Stimson β Secretary of War who oversaw U.S. military policy during WWII.Β
Hideki Tojo β Japanese prime minister and military leader responsible for Pearl Harbor.Β
Dwight D. Eisenhower β Supreme Allied Commander in WWII, later 34th U.S. president.Β
Enrico Fermi β Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb.Β
Harry S. Truman β 33rd U.S. president, ordered the atomic bombings and initiated the Cold War containment policy.Β
Korematsu β Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case.Β
Rosie the Riveter β Symbol of womenβs industrial work during WWII.Β
____________________________________________________________________________________Β
CH 20 - IMPERIALISMΒ
Reverend Josiah Strong β A clergyman who promoted American imperialism by arguing that Anglo-Saxons were destined to spread Christianity and civilization.Β
Alfred Thayer Mahan β A naval strategist who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that naval strength was crucial for national power and imperial expansion.Β
Queen Liliuokalani β The last monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American businessmen and the U.S. government in 1893.Β
Joseph Pulitzer β Newspaper publisher who pioneered yellow journalism and helped shape public opinion during the Spanish-American War.Β
William Randolph Hearst β Newspaper magnate who used yellow journalism to sensationalize events and push for war with Spain.Β Β
Rough Riders β A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt that fought in the Spanish-American War, notably in the Battle of San Juan Hill.Β Β
Leonard Wood β U.S. Army officer who led the Rough Riders and military governor of Cuba.Β
George Dewey β U.S. naval commander who led the decisive victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War.Β
Emilio Aguinaldo β Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.Β Β
Anti-Imperialists β Carnegie, Twain, GompersΒ
John Hay β Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy to ensure U.S. access to trade in China.Β
Victoriano Huerta β Mexican military leader who seized power in 1913, leading to U.S. opposition and intervention.Β
Pancho Villa β Mexican revolutionary who led raids into the U.S., prompting a military pursuit by Pershing.Β Β
CH 21 - PROGRESSIVE ERAΒ
Jacob Riis β Journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book How the Other Half Lives.Β
Muckrakers β Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Β Β
Ida Tarbell β Muckraking journalist who exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil.Β Β
Nellie Bly β Investigative journalist who exposed abuses in mental institutions and pioneered undercover reporting.Β
Ida Wells β African American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching campaign.Β
Lincoln Steffens β Muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities with his book The Shame of the Cities.Β Β
Frank Norris β Muckraking novelist who wrote The Octopus, criticizing monopolistic railroad practices.Β
Upton Sinclair β Author of The Jungle, which exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry and led to food safety reforms.Β
Robert La Follette β Progressive Wisconsin governor and senator who pushed for political and economic reforms.Β Β
Margaret Sanger β Birth control advocate and founder of Planned Parenthood.Β Β
Frances Willard β Leader of the Womenβs Christian Temperance Union, advocating for prohibition and womenβs rights.Β
Alice Paul β A suffragist who led the National Womanβs Party and advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment.Β Β
Gifford Pinchot β Conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, advocating for sustainable resource use.Β Β
Richard Ballinger β U.S. Secretary of the Interior whose pro-business policies led to a major scandal in the Taft administration and deepened the Republican Party split between progressives and conservatives.Β
Booker T. Washington β African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-sufficiency as a path to racial progress.Β
W.E.B. Du Bois β Civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality for African Americans.Β Β
Eugene Debs β Socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president multiple times.Β Β
CH 22 - WWIΒ
Franz Ferdinand β Archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination sparked World War I.Β
Creel Committee β Government agency that used propaganda to gain public support for WWI.Β
Charles Schenck β Socialist convicted for opposing the draft, leading to the Supreme Courtβs ruling in Schenck v. United States, which limited free speech during wartime.Β
John J. Pershing β U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I.Β Β
Doughboys β Nickname for American soldiers in World War I.Β
Alvin York β American soldier and war hero who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Argonne Forest.Β
Henry Cabot Lodge β Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations and advocated for a strong U.S. foreign policy.Β Β
CH 23 - 1920sΒ
Flappers β Young women who defied traditional norms by embracing new fashions, social behaviors, and greater independence.Β
John Scopes β A teacher prosecuted for teaching evolution in Tennessee in 1925.Β Β
William Jennings Bryan β Democratic leader known for his anti-imperialist stance, his "Cross of Gold" speech, and his role in the Scopes Trial.Β Β
Sacco and Vanzetti β Italian anarchists who were controversially executed for robbery and murder amid anti-immigrant sentiment.Β Β
Duke Ellington β Jazz composer and bandleader who shaped the Harlem Renaissance.Β Β
Langston Hughes β Harlem Renaissance poet who captured the Black experience in America.Β Β
Alain Locke β Philosopher and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance, promoting African American culture and arts.Β Β
Al Capone β Infamous gangster who controlled Chicagoβs illegal alcohol trade during Prohibition.Β
Ernest Hemingway β Modernist author known for The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms.Β
F. Scott Fitzgerald β Author of The Great Gatsby, which captured the excesses of the Roaring Twenties.Β
Andrew Mellon β Secretary of the Treasury who promoted tax cuts and pro-business policies in the 1920s.Β
CH 24/25 - GREAT DEPRESSIONΒ
Bonus Army β World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of bonuses, forcibly removed by the military.Β Β
Eleanor Roosevelt β First Lady and advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and social welfare programs.Β
Harry Hopkins β New Deal advisor and head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA).Β Β
Schechter Brothers β Owners of a poultry business whose Supreme Court case struck down the NRA.Β Β
Huey Long β Louisiana senator and populist who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program before being assassinated.Β Β
Charles E. Coughlin β Controversial Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and spread anti-Semitic views.Β Β
John Collier β Advocate for Native American rights, helped pass the Indian Reorganization Act.Β Β
Frances Perkins β First female cabinet member, key architect of the New Deal.Β Β
Marian Anderson β African American singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial after being barred from Constitution Hall.Β Β
CH 26/27 - WWIIΒ
Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Hirohito β Totalitarian leaders of Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Japan during World War II.Β Β
Winston Churchill β British Prime Minister who led the UK during World War II and was a key figure in the Allied victory.Β
Issei/Nisei β Issei were first-generation Japanese immigrants; Nisei were their U.S.-born children.Β Β
Korematsu β Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment in a Supreme Court case.Β Β
Rosie the Riveter β Symbol of womenβs industrial work during WWII.Β Β
A. Philip Randolph β Civil rights and labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and pushed for desegregation in the military.Β Β
Tuskegee Airmen β The first African American military pilots who served with distinction in World War II.Β
Vernon Baker β African American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for bravery in World War II.Β
George Marshall β U.S. Army Chief of Staff during WWII and architect of the Marshall Plan for postwar Europe.Β
Douglas MacArthur β U.S. general who led the Pacific campaign and oversaw the occupation of Japan after WWII.Β
Chester Nimitz β Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet who played a key role in victories at Midway and beyond.Β
Code Talkers β Native American soldiers, primarily Navajo, who developed an unbreakable code for secure military communications.Β
Braceros β Mexican laborers who worked in U.S. agriculture during WWII under a wartime labor program.Β
Dwight D. Eisenhower β Supreme Allied Commander in WWIIΒ
George Patton β Aggressive U.S. general known for leading tank divisions in North Africa and Europe.Β
Omar Bradley β U.S. general who commanded forces during the D-Day invasion and the liberation of France.Β
Albert Einstein β A German-born physicist who played a key role in advocating for the development of the atomic bomb.Β
Enrico Fermi β Physicist who helped develop the atomic bomb.Β Β
J. Robert Oppenheimer β Lead scientist of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb.Β
PRESIDENTSΒ
William McKinley β 25th U.S. president (1897β1901) who led the nation during the Spanish-American War and was later assassinated.Β Β
Theodore Roosevelt β 26th U.S. president (1901β1909) known for his progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and "Big Stick" foreign policy.Β
William Howard Taft β 27th U.S. president (1909β1913) who later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.Β
Woodrow Wilson β 28th U.S. president (1913β1921) who led the nation during WWI and promoted the League of Nations.Β
Warren G. Harding β 29th U.S. president (1921β1923) known for scandals like Teapot Dome but also advocating a "return to normalcy."Β
Calvin Coolidge β 30th U.S. president (1923β1929) who promoted pro-business policies and economic growth in the 1920s.Β
Herbert Hoover β 31st U.S. president (1929β1933) who struggled to combat the Great Depression.Β
Franklin D. Roosevelt β 32nd U.S. president (1933β1945) who led the U.S. through the Great Depression and WWII with his New Deal and wartime leadership.Β
Harry S. Truman β 33rd U.S. president (1945β1953) who ended WWII by ordering atomic bombings on Japan and initiated Cold War policies.Β
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AMENDMENTSΒ
16th Amendment β Gave Congress the power to levy a federal income tax without apportioning it among the states.Β
17th Amendment β Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote instead of being chosen by state legislatures.Β
18th Amendment β Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, starting Prohibition.Β
19th Amendment β Granted women the right to vote, a major victory for the womenβs suffrage movement.Β
20th Amendment β Changed the dates of presidential and congressional terms; the president is now inaugurated on January 20th instead of March 4th.Β
21st Amendment β Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition and allowing alcohol sales again.Β
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