a system of communication organized by rules that uses symbols such as words, sounds, and gestures to convey information
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descriptive linguists
study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning
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kinesics
the study of the relationship between body movements and communication
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paralanguage
extensive set of noises (such as laughs, cries, sighs, and yells) and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that different languages create different ways of thnking
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focal vocabulary
the words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people
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prestige language
a particular language variation or way of speaking that is associated with wealth, success, education, and power
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code switching
switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context
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language continuum
the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over. distance so that groups of people who live near one another speak in ways that is mutually intelligible
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race
a flawed system of classification with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups
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racism
individuals’ thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups
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nativism
the favoring of certain long-term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants
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racialization
the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people
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institutional racism (aka structural racism)
patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
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racial ideology
set of popular ideas about race that allows discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal
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intersectionality
analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
Studied by 3 people
