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Literacy test

A reading and writing test given in Southern states; all required to take it but it was designed to take away the right to vote from African Americans

poll tax

Tax southern states required people to pay to be able to vote;  all required to pay it but it was designed to take away the right to vote from African Americans

grandfather clause

A clause exempting wealthy and educated white Southerners from the literacy tests and poll taxes

13th amendment

Abolished slavery in the US

14ht amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in the US and guaranteed equal protection under the law

15th amendment

Provided voting rights to African Americans

civil rights act of 1866

Law that granted citizenship to African Americans; Congress feared it would be declared unconstitutional

sharecroppers

System in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.

jim crow laws

Laws after the end of reconstruction. Laws enforcing racial segregation in the South

plessy v. ferguson

1896\. Homer Plessy was a man who was arrested for violating the Separate Car Act for being 1/8th black. He sat in. In court he argued that it was unconstitutional, violating the 14th amendment. The Court stated that it was constitutional if it was separate “but equal”

ku klux klan

White supremacist organization that spread fear and terror among African Americans and the white Republicans who worked to help African Americans achieve rights

black codes

Laws passed in Southern states designed to limit the political and economic power of African Americans

Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction-

10% plan: If 10% of voters were loyal to the US, a law must be passed to abolish slavery in southern states. When congress got this plan, they rejected it. 

segregation

To separate, as in the races

What impact did Reconstruction have on African Americans?

African Americans are freed from slavery, African American men are allowed to vote, they worked sharecropping, but never got them rich. With reconstruction coming to an end, Jim crow laws were passed. 

New immigrant

\-Came from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia

\-From 1880-1900

\-Faced discrimination from nativist and old immigrants

\-Settled in the cities

nativism

Person who has anti-immigrant beliefs

Tenements

A type of RESIDENCE that is often run-down and crowded, many immigrants would stay here because the rent was cheap. 

push factors

Factors that make a person want to leave their home country.

Pull factors

Factors that make a person want to come to a new country. 

Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus”

Poem written on the Statue of Liberty, symbolizing the US as a safe haven for immigrants.

How did the US respond to the increase in immigration?

The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, blocking Chinese laborers from entering the USA. 

child labor

Children working in harsh workplaces with harsh working conditions and little pay, mostly worked in the mines and factories. Worked to support family.

Unions

Groups to protect workers rights, formed for better working standards and more pay.

standard oil company

Oil monopoly run by John Rockefeller. He used aggressive tactics to break up competition. The company was broken up due to law. 

Corporations

Business owned by many people but treated by law as though it were one person;   a business that is owned by its shareholders.

Stock

type of security that gives people a share of ownership in a company

Mass production

Factory production of goods in large quantities.

Assembly lines

Factory method invented by Henry Ford- work moves past stationary workers who perform one task.

Free-enterprise system

the freedom of individuals and businesses to regulation

Urbanization

Process from people moving from rural areas to cities. 

How did industrialization impact the United States?

It drove the growth of U.S. cities and a rapidly expanding market economy

Progressive era

An Era where positive change came to America.

Jacob Riis

was a muckraker who made a slideshow of the condition of tenements. He showed how unsafe and unsanitary the places were and how many people had to live in a small room. Because of this NYC held an investigation on the unsafe conditions

Upton sinclair

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was a muckraker who published “The Jungle”, exposing the conditions of the meat-packing industry. This brought awareness to the conditions and eventually the Meat inspection act was passed

Muckrakers

Investigators who exposed corruption. Muckrakers helped expose corrupt officials and bring awareness to anything sketchy going on. Some muckrakers are Thomas Nast, Jacob Riis, Samuel Hopkins and more. These people would make a report on corruption and bring awareness to it, hoping to fix the problem

Temperance movement

Movement that wanted to ban the sale of alcohol. Would raid saloons and discourage people from drinking, thinking it is the root cause of all evil.

Haymarket riot

violent confrontation between police and labor protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became a symbol of the international struggle for workers' rights. Workers went on strike because they want a 8 hour workday. Bomb goes off and protesters die.

Sherman Antitrust act

Allowed free competition in the American market. Trust and monopolies become illegal.

19th amendment

Women gained the right to vote. 

17th amendment

Direct election of senators by the people

NAACP

Promoted equality for African Americans

Susan B. Anthony and the Seneca Falls Convention

They wanted equal voting rights for women in national elections by ratification of the nineteenth amendment; ratification of the 19th amendment

Graduated income tax

different portions of one's income can be taxed at different rates

What impact did the progressive movement have on the US?

It promoted equal rights and positivity as well as reform for the US. 

Reservations

Areas of land set aside for use by a group. Reserved for Native Americans who wanted to roam free. 

transcontinental railroad

Railroad that expanded through the entire USA. From Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California. Met in Promontory Point, Utah.

Dawes act

Federal legislation aimed at encouraging natives to live similarly to the Americans; Assimilating natives

What impact did Westward Expansion have on Native Americans?

Native Americans were kicked out of their land and put on reservations. 

Imperialism

Powerful nation takes control of a weaker nation by force for their own being. Some people wanted the US to take over small, weaker nations while others didn’t.

yellow journalism

Exaggerated journalism to sell more papers. (Fake news) Results in the Spanish American War. 

isolationism

Isolationism is the act of staying away from public affairs. Many people thought the US should’ve stayed away from political affairs in other countries. Saying it was hypocritical of them to overthrow governments.

Open Door policy

Passed in 1899. The Open Door Policy lets countries trade in other nations' spheres of influence in China. Because of this the Chinese citizens were mad, which led to Boxer's rebellion.

theodore roosevelt

President of the USA. Passed the Roosevelt Corollary to protect countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Roosevelt corollary

The Roosevelt Corollary stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries. ( Addition to the Monroe Doctrine ) 

spanish-american war

Fighting Took place in Cuba, and the Philippines - Both Spanish colonies.

* Treaty of Paris signed
* Ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the US.
* Acquired the Philippines for $20 million
* 3 ½ months. 

Panama canal

Manamde canal that went through Panama. Connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The US was convinced they needed a canal after the Spanish-American war, where it took days to bring troops to the Philippines 

How did US overseas expansion impact the US?

The US got a hold of countries, or colonies. The impact of overseas expansion gave the US more land in other parts of the world.

treaty of versailles

Treaty signed by Germany and allies which required Germany to reduce their military, make Germany responsible for the war, and pay reparations to US and allies

League of nations

The League of Nations was an international body to solve disputes between nations, with the goal to limit war. It was Wilson's creation in the 14 points, and he demanded it be included in the Treaty of Versailles. This move backfired, as the American Senate refused to ratify the treaty, mainly due to one article of the League of Nations Charter;

fourteen paints

The Fourteen Points was a guideline for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. Made by Woodrow Wilson. The league of nations would be formed because of this. 

the lusitania

A British ocean liner bombed and sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. **DID NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENTRY OF THE US INTO WWI**. The ship carried passengers and resources. Because of the sinking, 128 Americans were killed.

Assassination of francis ferdinand

Caused a War between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. Allies would get involved and start the outbreak of WW1.

woodrow wilson

28th US President. Leader during WW1. Would declare war on Germany. Started the League of Nations.

militarism

The belief that a nation should have a strong military capabilities, and be willing to use those capabilities for national interests.

Massive buildup of weapons and armies prior to war.

alliances

Treaty obligations to defend another nation. 

2 alliances in WWI

* Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
* Triple Entendre: Great Britain, France, Russia

Nationalism

Belief that one's national needs surpass all other concerns internationally, to the detriment of other nations. 

An aggressive and intense form of patriotism

unrestricted submarine warfare

German U-Boat campaign bombing ships going to and from Britain. Tries to prevent Britain from having resources. US would join the war to prevent Germany from engaging in this. 

What impact did World War I have on the US?

It showed how the US had the power to intervene in foreign conflicts. It also turned the US into a military powerhouse.

credit

Buying products with money from a bank. After obtaining credit, you were in debt. ( Also known as Installment Buying )

flappers

Young women who rejected traditional values (smoked, drank, short dresses, short hair)

scopes trial

John Thomas Scopes arrested for teaching the theory of evolution to students at a school instead of what the bible preached. Was found guilty and fined $100

consumer goods

goods that people buy

langston hughes

African-American poet, he wrote about equality and dreams. Created Jazz Poetry. 

Prohibition

18th Amendment- Illegal to manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors is prohibited

Resulted in illegal activities:

* Rum running
* Speakeasies
* Bootlegging
* Bathtub gin
* Organized crime - Al Capone

Harlem renaissance

A celebration of Important People:

* Langston Hughes
* Nora Zeale Hurston
* Jazz musicians
* Louis Armstrong
* Duke Ellington
* Bessie Smith
* Jelly Roll Morton
* Ella Fitzgerald

Quota acts

An arrangement setting the number of immigrants allowed from each country

Great Migration

Brought African Americans from all over the country together-shaped the Harlem renaissance.

Black ghettos began to form, i.e. Harlem. Within these ghettos a distinct Black culture flourished

Farmers during the 1920’s

Farmers made record profits during WW1, but once the war was over, they had a surplus on crops making it hard for the farmers to sell the crops.

How did the economy of the 1920s lead to the Great Depression?

People started buying stuff with Credit but didn’t have enough money to pay it back. 

New deal

FDR’s plan to solve the problems of the Great Depression. Created relief for the American people, economic recovery, and reforms to stop a depression.

Agricultural adjustment act

Because of overproduction of food, the government paid farmers not to grow many crops, this caused prices in food to increase, helping farmers earn a wage

Federal emergency relief act

implemented President Roosevelt's first major initiative to combat the adverse economic and social effects of the Great Depression

National Industrial Recovery act

Labor and consumer law that authorized the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery

Social Security act

The social security act helped people over the age of 60 who weren't working earn money to live. Money would be taken out of their paychecks and given back once 60 or above.

Dust bowl

Dust Bowl was the nickname of the area in the South that was affected by dust storms. These dust storms killed many people, filling their lungs with sand and dust. Thousands of farmers left the area because they could not make a living under those conditions

Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover was the president of the US. He was a republican. Hoover is mostly blamed for the Depression. Hoover had a hands off approach, many people disliked his handling of the recession, in the election of 1932, FDR would be elected as the new president

Franklin D. Roosevelt

FDR was a Democratic President of the USA. He helped the US rebound from the depression with several New Deal Acts, giving relief to the people who needed it the most, lost popularity due to court packing.

Hoovervills

Hoovervilles were shanty towns labeled after Herbert Hoover, who many people blamed for the Great Depression. Many of these towns popped up all over the US.

How did the Great Depression impact the US?

Many people lost their jobs, their savings, homes, crops weren’t growing. It made life harder for the average american.

United Nations

Organization to promote world peace and to break up international conflicts. 

Holocaust

an event that took place killing more than 6 Million Jews (⅔ of the population of Jews ) and more. 11 - 13 million lives combined were lost. It took place in Germany and in captured territories. Because of this event, the majority of the Jews in Europe were killed. Because of this event, Israel was created

rationing

To save materials to be used in the war, people in the US started rationing. Ration cards were released to control the amount of food one could buy. The government encouraged people to grow victory gardens instead of buying food in grocery stores

war bonds

Bonds that the government encouraged people to buy to help with the war effort. Propaganda was made to make people aware.

Victory gardens

Gardens in peoples houses. Encouraged so that the US could buy more food for the soldiers in the war.

rosie the riveter

Ad campaign which encouraged women to go to work and take the jobs of men who went to war

Japanese interment camps

Camps in which Japan-American citizens were placed into. Placed to prevent spies from spying on the US with Executive Order 9066.

Nuremberg trials

were trials in Germany in which people who were involved in the Holocaust were sentenced. Many people got sentences from 10 years to life and even to be hanged

Harry Truman

was the President of the US during the WWII era. He had to make the decision whether to invade Japan or bomb them. He gave the order to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Because of this, Japan surrendered

dropping of the atomic bombs

The atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They were dropped to lower American casualties as well as to get Japan to surrender