Biotechnology

Monarch Butterflies

________ are not any more susceptible to Bt corn pollen than sprayed insecticide.

Transgenic plants

________ are given a "backup "enzyme, stolen from a bacteria, that is not inhibited by Round- Up so they live.

foreign DNA

The ________ cant jump from plant to human it is destroyed by stomach acid.

Biotechnology

________: the manipulation of biological processes to serve our needs.

Weeds

________ compete with crops for water, nutrients, and light, and may harbor pests or pathogens.

Volunteerism

Weed ________ and transfer of foreign genes to related wild species.

Plums

________ and related trees have been modified for resistance to the ________ pox virus.

Agrobacterium Tumifaciens

________ is a soil bacteria that infect plants and causes Crown Gall Disease (tumor growth)

Antisense technology

________ and RNA interference is a newer version of the same biological intervention to suppress the transcription of a native gene.

CRISPR

________ doesnt involve foreign DNA, more likely acceptable to people who dont want to eat foreign DNA.

Rice

________ contains no gene for the enzyme that creates Beta- Carotene.

piece of guide RNA

A(n) ________ (sgRNA) hybridizes with the target DNA, which is broken down by Cas9 endonuclease.

Pollen gene transfer

________ can also be prevented by having the transgenic genes in the mitochondrial DNA which comes from the egg.

Transgenic crops

________ can be more nutritious, grown in low tillage, and resistant to pathogenic attack.

biosynthetic pathway

The chemical inhibits an enzyme in the ________.

CRY Proteins

________ have insecticidal activity.

5 carbon

Terpenoids are built from ________ unit isoprenoid (IPP and DMAPP) combined to form a 20- carbon chain is GGPP, and 2GGPP combine to give phytoene (40C) which is a precursor of pro- vitamin A.

Round- Up-Ready crops

are resistant to Round- Up (Glyphosphate), so when farms spray herbicide only the weeds die.

Dwarf

________ or semi- dwarf rice was also developed at the CGIAR in the Philippines (IRRI) which does not lodge.

Insects attack plants

________ by eating the leaves or just causing damage, this can decrease yield.

Gene

________ flow between GMO crops and closely related plants with which they are compatible.

Beta Carotene

________ is not a protein, its a lipid.

Careful management of GM crops

________ is needed to avoid the emergence of resistant insects.

desirable trait

For wheat, the breeding involves crossing 2 varieties, one of which has a(n) ________ that the breeder wants to introduce into the original variety.

endosperm of rice

The ________ makes GGPP, but not phytoene, so we need to add an enzyme for phytoene and the carotenoids (there are three of them (PSY, PDS, ZDS) or 2 (PSY and CRT1))

foreign DNA

The plants containing ________ are considered "transgenic "AKA genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Agrobacterium Tumifaciens

In Biotechnology, we use ________ as a Vector but we take out the hormone- encoding, tumor- inducing gene.

CRISPR

________ stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.

Biotechnology

the manipulation of biological processes to serve our needs

Starlink Corn

a type of transgenic corn approved for animal feed but not human consumption, on accident it got mixed in some corn-based foods; there was no evidence that it was dangerous to humans

New-Leaf Potatoes

A Bt potato made by Monsanto and is resistant to the Colorado Potato Beetle, lots of the potatoes were sold to Mcdonald's and when the public found out they were GMO, they were pulled off the market

Bt

insect resistance

Viral coat proteins

viral antipathogenic resistance

Conventional breeding

The green revolution was achieved through

Transgenic

containing foreign DNA, Genetically modified

Carries the DNA into the “host” cells

what does a bacterial vector do

Using the protoplast and regrowing the wall, going through the wall

ways to get the DNA into the cell

Extract the plasmid, disarm it, insert new gene and accessories, insert a selectable marker, return the plasmid to the bacteria, make copies, expose the plant

biotechnology process

Tomato

the 1st GMO approved the market, didn’t overripen, and was engineered through antisense

Antisense technology

used to silence genes by locking up the mRNA with a complementary microRNA so the protein can’t be made

Beta-carotene

provitamin A

Permanent blindness

Vitamin A deficiency causes

It inhibits an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of amino acids

How does Round Up work

Round up ready

Most widely grown bioengineered crops

papaya, plums and related trees

Crops engineered for pathogenic resistance

Same or better, same nutrients or better, No toxic compounds

substantial equivalency