Biology Test Review Unit 1

Hershey and Chase

They found out DNA was the genetic material, not protein.

3 Parts of a nucleotide

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon (Pentose) sugar, and phosphate group.

DNA

Deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, thymine, storage of genetic information

Monomer

Small building block molecules

Polymers

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

Anabolic pathways

The synthesis of complex molecules from simple ones.

Catabolic Pathways

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules.

Is monomer nucleotide or polynucleotide?

Nucleotide

Is polymer nucleotide or polynucleotide?

Polynucleotide

Bond that holds together nucleotides

Phosphodiester

Purines

2 rings, A/G

Pyrimidines

1 ring, U/C/T

RNA

Ribose sugar, uracil, single stranded, accesses genetic information.

Antiparallel

2 things that will never touch going opposite ways.

What holds together complementary base pairs in DNA?

Hydrogen Bonds

Chargaff

Discovered ratios of A-T and G-C are equal.

Rosalind Franklin

Took photo 51, which confirmed DNA was double Helixed.

Watson and Crick

Got credit for discovering DNA was double helixed.

Miller-Urey Experiment

An experiment that replicated conditions of prebiotic earth. After some time amino acids formed.

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor. Supported by universal genetic code and conserved genes across all organisms.

Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms.

4 structures all cells share

Membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.

Differences between plant and fungal cells

Plants have cell wall made of cellulose while fungal cells have a cell wall made of chitin. Plant cells have cholorplasts, fungal cells don’t. Plant cells have a large central vacuole, fungal cells have multiple small vacuoles.

Similarities between plant and fungal cells

Eukaryotic, have a cell membrane. They both have cytoplasm.

8 Processes of life

Cells, Homeostasis, Adapts, Responds, Reproduces, Grows, Energy, DNA.

Endosymbiotic theory

Idea that Eukaryotes evolved from Prokaryotes by having one bacteria engulf another one. Evidence: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes.

Atypical Cell examples

Skeletal muscle cells, fungal hyphae. Both have a double nucleus.