UGA hist exempt exam

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Pre-Columbian Peoples of the American Southwest

-Agriculturally focused groups that developed powerful and complex societies
-Became increasingly dependent on the cultivation of maize

Pre-Columbian economy in Great Basin and the western Great Plains

- Migratory because of limited resources

Pre-Columbian economy in the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard

-Another Group of tribes in present-day NY formed the Iroquois League
-Cultivated crops and participated in foraging and hunting, often creating lasting settlements

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer who marched across mexico and conquered the aztecs
- from spain

Hernando de Soto

-explored deep in USA
-first to cross and disocer Miss. River
-claimed for Spain

Georgia first colonized by Spanish because they were looking for

gold and land

The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

St. Augustine

-1st colony in Florida set up by Spain

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

James Edward Oglethorpe

The leader of English Parliament who founded the Georgia colony

James Wright

Georgia's third, and final, royal governor

Jamestown

-First permanent English settlement
-Starving time (1609-1610 80% died)
-1619: first slave ship of africans
- 1640: modern concept of slavery was established in US

Why did colonists come to the New World?

Religious freedom
profit
adventure...etc.

Original Trustees of Ga were provided what

50 acres , free passage, provisions for 1 yr

William Penn

-Founder of Pennsylvania
-Pushed for democracy and religious freedom
-Quaker
-Wanted to unite all of the U.S. colonies

Quakers

-believed human religious institutions were largey unnecessary
-thought they could receive revelationg directly form God and placed little importance on the Bible
-pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors
-their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both britain and america
-opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans
-elements of the culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality

What country claimed Quebec?

The French

French Colonization in the New World

French and Dutch Colonies in the new world usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force in contrast to the spanish and british

Dutch Colonization in the New World

-first colonies functioned more as trading outposts than settlements
-the Dutch commissioned an expedition by English explorer Henry Hudson to North America
-Hudson failed in his search for a Northwest Passage, but his reports of abundant resources created interest among Dutch merchants
-The Dutch West India Company was chartered to develop colonies in North America
-the company tried to attract immigrants with land grants, and a diverse group of European settlers slowly began to arrive
-its most important settlement was New Amsterdam, which became a center for trade
-usually relied on cooperation with native peoples instead of extensive settlement and force, in contrast to the Spanish and British

Types of New British Colonies in the New World

-Charter Colony: colonist were members of a corp
-Royal Colony: governor selected by King
-Proprietary colonies: owned by individuals

Characteristics of New England Colonies:

Founded primarily by Puritans, that wanted a group of like-minded individuals; close-knit, longer life expectancies; mixed economy of farming and trade

What is the headright system?

The headright system is when a landowner would pay for an individual's passage from England to America. The landowner would receive 50 acres of land and that same individual to work the land.

Who settled land west of the Mississippi River
A. The French
B. The Dutch
C. The Spanish
D. The British

A. The French

Who settled land in New York

The Dutch along Hudson River later colonized New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.

Main cash crop of Chesapeake Bay (Virginia and Maryland)

Tobacco

??? Early settlers wanted main crop to be \______ , ended up being \_______

wine/silk and rice/indigo
Later cash crops became tobacco and cotton

King Phillip's War

Most Indians lost in New England
King Philip's War was an armed conflict between American Indian inhabitants of New England versus the New England colonists and their Indian allies in 1675-78

Bacon's Rebellion

-armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.
- First rebellion in the colonies

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Bacon's Rebellion made the practice seem riskier to planters and owners

English Puritanism

1500s and 1600s
*Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology
*Puritans rejected these roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church "pure"
*Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority
*Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism

Many of the European settlers who first came to the New World did so to escape religious persecution. Which colony was granted to a benefactor for the purpose of settling the Quakers?
A. Virginia
B. Massachusetts
C. New Hampshire
D. Pennsylvania

D. Pennsylvania by William Penn

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Maryland

became the first proprietary colony to serve as refuge for English Catholics

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Early settlers in New England depended primarily upon what source of labor?
A. their children
B. slaves
C. indentured servants
D. wage laborers

A. their children

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

The Stono Rebellion

-1739
-Largest slave uprising in SC
-Leader Jemmy (Cato)
-Marched towards Spanish Florida, where they were promised freedom and land
-Lead to the negro act of 1740 which restricted slave movements, education, and assembly.

What were the main benefits of owning slaves

Source of wealth and status

Battle of Bloody Marsh

Victory for Oglethorpe over the Spanish on St. Simons Island in 1742

French and Indian War

-7 years war
-1754-1763
- Britian and France
The French and Indian War was fought to decide if Britain or France would be the strong power in North America. France and its colonists and Indian allies fought against Britain, its colonists and Indian allies.

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Ended French & Indian War. Marked the end of French power in North America. Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain gave up Florida but received all lands west of the Mississippi River

Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy

- after the french and indian war, britain set out to solve its large national debt
- it created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods
-Sugar, Stamp, Quartering, Declaratory

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Proclamation of 1763

Bc of Pontiac's Rebellion
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Enlightment

movement that began in Europe in the late 1600s as people began examining the natural world, society, and government; also called the age of reason

moved from europe to new world to influence writers like isaac newton, john locke

Mercantilism

Economic system to unify and increase the power and wealth of a nation by strict governmental regulations through policies like bullion and favorable balance of trade
-Adam Smith was anti-mercantilism

The Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

The Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Revolutionary War

-1775-1783
The American Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and her Thirteen Colonies, which declared independence as the United States of America.
-Sparked by the Stamp Act against King George the III (1765)
-Boston Massacre (1770)
-Boston Tea Party (1773) (Sons of Liberty)

Thomas Paine

-1777
-Father of American revolution
-Inspired rebels to declare independence from britain
- Wrote Common Sense and The American Crisis

The Battles of Lexington and Concord

-1775
-First military engagements of the American Revolutionary war
-lieutenant francis smith
-Shot heard around the world

University of Georgia

The United States' first state-chartered university (1785); it is the oldest and largest of Georgia's institutions of higher learning

Governor James Jackson

Reformer, wants to clean up the mess made by the Federalists. Plans to repeal the Yazoo deal if elected. Father of Jeffersonian Party in Ga. Swept the election, takes office in 1796, rescinds the Yazoo purchase of year prior.
Overturned Yazoo Act; elected to First Congress; lost reelection

George Washington

-Named commander in chief of continental army
-drafted US constitution
-marine corps
-articles of confederation

//

First president of the US

Friedrich Von Steuben

German soldier help train continental army to follow commands attack and retreat

Nancy Morgan Hart

One of the most patriotic women in Georgia, she worked as a spy; she disguised herself as a man and entered British camps trying to gain information; famous for holding six British soldiers (Tories) at gunpoint who tried to pillage her land

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

During the American Revolution, Tories were:
A. leaders of the Sons of Liberty.
B. guerrilla fighters in the South.
C. English who sympathized with the revolutionaries.
D. loyal to the Crown of England.

D. loyal to the Crown of England. -\> patriots were opposed to King

Industrial Revolution

Britain 1720's - Period of rapid industrial growth resulting from new sources of power and new ways to make products. Handmade goods were replaced by machine made goods

Washington's Farewell Address 1706

Stressed 3 dangers facing the nation: 1) political parties could divide the nation, 2) avoid long term alliances with foreign nations, and 3) avoid sectionalism caused by geography and other differences

Battle of Bunker Hill

-1775
-William prescott
-British won

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

State Constitutions

States wrote a new constitution to replace their colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor (usually one year term for elected officials). You had to own property or pay a certain amount of tax to vote. Individual liberties protected people (including freedom of religion), but did not separate church and state.

Treaty of Paris 1783

-Ended the American Revolutionary war YORKTOWN
-US recognized as its own place

Articles of Confederation

Nation's FIRST constitution. Limited power of national government. Created a weak national government incapable of dealing with the nation's problems - 1781

Later replaced with a federal system under the Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton

-One of the Founding fathers
-Aided George washington
*First US treasurer
-one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution,
-the founder of the nation's financial system,
-the founder of the Federalist Party, -the world's first voter-based political party,
-the Father of the United States Coast Guard, and the founder of The New York Post.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

1. pay off all foreign and domestic debts 2. have a National Bank 3. have a protective tariff 4. have an excise tax

Thomas Jefferson Opposed

Western Land Cessions

1781-1787; Georgia in 1802
*The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government
*The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claims could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government
*Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land
*Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood
*New states were organized and admitted to the Union
*This policy strengthened the ties of the western farmers to the central government

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Supporters - Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton

Republican Party correlated

Federalists papers

-collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution
-Against the bill of rights
-Madison discusses the means of preventing rule by majority faction and advocates a large, commercial republic

James Madison

Considered "Father of the Constitution" because of his role in its writing and ratification. Wrote Bill of Rights. One of the authors of the Federalist Papers.
President during War of 1812

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Northwest Ordinance

-1789
-An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio
-First organized territory of the US
-Began westward expansion
-This division helped set the stage for national competition over admitting free and slave states

Iroquois league

five tribes to form the Indian confederation called the Iroquois League.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin, 1793

Jay Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

XYZ Affair, the alien sedition acts and VA & KY resol

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats
US refused to comply
led to the creation of the US Navy

All of the following were consequences of Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin, except:
A. the urbanization of the southern economy.
B. the strengthening of slavery in the southern states.
C. the development of an American textile industry.
D. the spread of cotton as a cash crop in the southern states.

A. the urbanization of the southern economy.

Cotton Gin

machine which automated cotton processing and INCREASED the need for slaves

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Jeffersonian Republicans

Basically anti-federalist
one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jeffrson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states's rights.

Strict interp of constitution

Great Compromise (1787)

It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states.

1795 Yazoo Land Fraud

in which four land companies bribed legislators to approve their acquisition of 35 million acres (nearly 60 percent of the land area that now constitutes Alabama and Mississippi) at the cost of only five hundred thousand dollars.

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

-1798
-Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
-written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.
-argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution.