PROTOZOA

unicellular or multicellular

parasitic infections are either due to the ? protozoan or the ? metazoan

cillia, flagella, and pseudopodia

locomotory apparatus of protozoa

apical complex

aids the organism in cell penetration

feeding, locomotion, osmoregulation, and reproduction

Many protozoan require wet environment for:

Cysts

infective stage; resistant to environmental changes

Trophozoites

can be seen in wet/diarrhic/watery stool; vegetative/asexual stage

Parasitic species

capable of multiplying within the host and may be transmitted thru biological vectors

Kingdom Protista

all protozoa fall under what kindom

Sarcomastigaphora, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, Microspora

Phyla of Protozoans:

Subphylum Mastigophora and Sarcodina

subphylum of sarcomastigaphora

flagella

locomotion organelle of Mastigophora

Giardia, chilomastix, trichomonas, dientamoeba, trypanosoma, leishmania

Atrial flagellates and hemoflagellates:

pseudopodia

locomotion organelle of Sarcodina

Entamoeba, endolimax, iodamoeba, acanthamoeba, naegleria

Amebae species of subphylum Sarcodina

Phylum Ciliophora

locomotion organelle of Ciliophora

Balantidium coli

Only parasite of Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Apicomplexa

have an apical complex at the anterior end which consists of polar rings, subpellicular tubules, conoid processes, rhoptries, and micronemes.

penetration and invasion of target cells

Apical complexes are structures involved in what actions

parasitic

All members of Phylum Apicomplexa are

Plasmodia, Babesia, Toxoplasma, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium

Class Sporozoa of Phylum Apicomplexa

GUT, GIT, CNS, Respiratory tract, reticuloendothelial system, blood and blood cells, eyes, skin, and oral cavity

Phylum Apicomplexa can be Found in all organ systems, specifically

Phylum Microspora

spore-forming parasites of both vertebrates and invertebrates; possess a unique extrusion apparatus which enables them to insert infective material into the host

Enterocytozoon, encephalitozoon

parasites of microspora

polar filament

Phylum microspora has an apparatus that includes a highly coiled ?, extrudes, forming a polar tube that penetrates the host cell.

AIDS

Phylum microspora received more attention recently due to the increasing number of opportunistic infections associated with immunocompromised states, particularly ?.

Annelids, nematodes, Flatworms

Metazoans branch out into three types

Leeches

Another term for annelids

Nematodes

knowns as roundworms; elongated and cylindrical in shape; bilateral symmetry; has complete digestive tract; muscular pharynx; separate sexes (sometimes parthogenic); has sensory organs

roundworms

another term for nematodes

triradiate

the muscular pharynx of nematodes is split into three, this characteristic is also called

parthenogenetic

reproduce asexually

amphids

sensory organs in the anterior end of the worm

phasmids

sensory organs in the posterior end of the worm

Phasmid nematodes and Aphasmid nematodes

nematodes based on phasmids are called:

Phasmid nematodes

roundworms with phasmids

Class Secernentia

Class of Phasmid nematodes

Class Adenophorea

Class of Aphasmid worms

Ascaris

Order Ascaridida

Parastrongylus & hookworms

Order Strongylida

Strongyloides

Order Rhabditida

Enterobius

Order Oxyurida

filarial worm

Order Spirurida

Aphasmid worms

roundworms with no phasmids

Trichuris trichinella capillaria

Class Adenophorea species

Ascaris, hookworms, strongyloides, capillaria

Nematodes that can be seen in the small intestines

Trichuris, Enterobius

Nematodes that can be seen in the colon

Wuchereria, Brugia

Nematodes that can be seen in the lymph nodes and lymph vessels

Parastrongylus

Nematodes that can be seen in the eyes and meninges

Trichinella larvae

Nematodes that host muscles

Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius

Helminths that can be acquired thru Ingestion of embryonated eggs

hookworms and Strongyloides

Helminths that can be acquired thru Skin penetration by filariform larvae

Wuchereria and Brugia

Helminths that can be acquired thru Bite of mosquito vectors

Capillaria (from fish) Trichinella (from pork) Parastrongylus (from snails)

Helminths that can be acquired thru Ingestion of infective larvae

-Capillaria; Strongyloides; Enterobius

Helminths that can be acquired thru Autoinfection

Enterobius and Ascaris

Helminths that can be acquired thru Inhalation of embryonated eggs

Platyhelminths

Members of \_______________ are dorso-ventrally flattened with bilateral symmetry.

Segmented, Ribbon-like

Appearance of cestodes

unsegmented, leaf like

Appearance of trematodes

tapeworm

other term for cestodes

flukes

other term for trematodes

hermaphroditic

Adult tapeworms are

intestines

cestodes can be found in the \__________ of the definitive host

tissue

cestodes can be found in the \__________ of the intermediate host

scolex

anterior structure, main organ of attachment to the definitive host

Neck

region of growth where segmentation or strobilization originates

strobila

nearest to the neck are the most immature, followed by increasingly mature segments, and the most distal are gravid(containing eggs)segments.

scolex \> neck \> proglottids/strobila

parts of a cestode

Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea

Two Orders of cestodes

spatulate, flattened, with sucking grooves (bothria)

scolex morphology of Order Pseudophyllidea

globular with four muscular suckers

scolex morphology of Order Cyclophyllidea

have genital pores, with uterine pore

segments of Pseudophyllidea

have genital pores, undergo apolysis

segments of Cyclophyllidea

segments may not be found

What can be found: in infections (diagnostic purposes) of Order Pseudophyllidea

both eggs and segments are recovered

What can be found: in infections (diagnostic purposes) of Order Cyclophyllidea

Operculated & immature

eggs of Pseudophyllidea

Non-operculated

eggs of Cyclophyllidea

2

number of intermediate hosts of Pseudophyllidea

1

number of intermediate hosts of Cyclophyllidea

First: procercoid; Second: plerocercoid larvae

type of encysted larvae of Pseudophyllidea

Diff. species produce diff. types

type of encysted larvae of Cyclophyllidae

Uterine pore

allows release of eggs from gravid uterus

Apolysis

gravid segments are detached from the main body of the worm and eggs are eventually released

Non-operculated eggs

eggs are passed out readily, contains hexacanth embryo

Operculated & immature

required aquatic development of the embryo (coracidium)

Diphyllobothrium; Spirometra

Pseudophyllidea-best represented by:

Diphyllobothrium

utilizes humans as definitive hosts

Spirometra

employs humans as an intermediate host

cysticercus; cysticercoid hydatid

Cyclophyllidean encysted larvae in intermediate host

Taenia spp.

cysticercus species?

Hymenolepsis, Dipylidium, Raillietina

cysticercoid species?

Echinococcus spp

Hyatid species

Taenia solium; Echinococcus spp.

There are cases, however, where humans are infected with larval stages of

oral sucker, ventral sucker, genital sucker

Adult trematodes are equipped with:

acetabulum

other term for ventral sucker

genital sucker

gonotyl; only among heterophyids

Trematodes

hermaphroditic➢require two intermediate hosts➢have operculated eggs

encysted larva, metacercaria

infective stage of trematodes

second intermediate host

where does the infective stage of the trematodes develop

Schistosomes

all infective stage of the trematodes develop in the second intermediate host except

metacercaria

infective stage of schistosomes