Praxis 5017 Elementary Education

Constructivism

Student constructs his or her own learning by using existing knowledge in order to create new knowledge

Inquiry Based Learning

Students are involved in hands-on tasks, are active in discovery and participate in their own learning. Reasearch shows that students retain knowledge for longer periods of time this way.

Expository Method

Teacher dominate and direct instruction way to teach science

Free-discovery method

Child directed instruction. Children create the situations of learning that are meaningful to them

Guided Inquiry

Combines expository and free discovery method. Teacher chooses the topic and guides the students through experiments and encourage students through inquiry and open ended questions about the topic.

Human Gardners

Nine Intelligences

Visual-Spatial

Think in terms of physical space, as do architects and sailors. Very aware of their environments. They like to draw, do jigsaw puzzles, read maps, daydream. They can be taught through drawings, verbal and physical imagery. Tools include models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, videoconferencing, television, multimedia, texts with pictures/charts/graphs.

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Use the body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body awareness. They like movement, making things, touching. They communicate well through body language and be taught through physical activity, hands-on learning, acting out, role playing. Tools include equipment and real objects.

Musical

Show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. They love music, but they are also sensitive to sounds in their environments. They may study better with music in the background. They can be taught by turning lessons into lyrics, speaking rhythmically, tapping out time. Tools include musical instruments, music, radio, stereo, CD-ROM, multimedia.

Interpersonal

Understanding, interacting with others. These students learn through interaction. They have many friends, empathy for others, street smarts. They can be taught through group activities, seminars, dialogues. Tools include the telephone, audio conferencing, time and attention from the instructor, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, E-mail.

Intrapersonal

Understanding one's own interests, goals. These learners tend to shy away from others. They're in tune with their inner feelings; they have wisdom, intuition and motivation, as well as a strong will, confidence and opinions. They can be taught through independent study and introspection. Tools include books, creative materials, diaries, privacy and time. They are the most independent of the learners.

Linguistic-Verbal

Using words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in words. They like reading, playing word games, making up poetry or stories. They can be taught by encouraging them to say and see words, read books together. Tools include computers, games, multimedia, books, tape recorders, and lecture.

Logical-mathematical

Reasoning, calculating. Think conceptually, abstractly and are able to see and explore patterns and relationships. They like to experiment, solve puzzles, ask cosmic questions. They can be taught through logic games, investigations, mysteries. They need to learn and form concepts before they can deal with details.

Inductive

(from specific to general) Instruction begins with a study of finite information on which to base general conclusions or make broad generalizations about the subject

Deductive

(from general to specific)Instruction begins with a study of the broad topic and then focuses downy o more detailed information

Blooms Taxonomy

Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation

Allegory

A narrative in which the characters and events represent an idea or truth about life in general

Prose

A literary work that is in ordinary form without metrical structure and uses the familiar structure of spoken language, sentence after sentence

Narrative

A story with a beginning, middle and end

Alliteration

The repetition of the beginning consonant sound

Assonance

A repetition of vowel sounds Ex That;s the story morning glory

Consonance

A repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within words Bobo boxed Baby's blue baboon

onomatopoeia

When a word sounds like its meaning-hiss, woof, zip, swish

Primary Sources

Original sources that give firsthand knowledge

Transitive Verb

When the verb transfers its action to an object;the noun must receive the action of the verb for the verb meaning to be complete Ex. The girl threw the ball (Threw transfer its meaning to the ball. Without the ball the meaning of the verb threw is incomplete.)

Intransitive verb

When the verb completes its action without and object. His shoulder felt sore. (Sore is a predicate adjective, not a direct object.)

Participle

A verb that ends in ing or ed and is used like an adjective Ex. The shaking windows broke in the aftermath of the tornado (shaking modifies windows)

verbals

Words that are made from verbs, have the power of a verb, but act like another part of speech

Infinite

A verb preceded by ,to, used as an adjective, noun or and adverb Ex. To climb Mount Everest is on of my goals(To climb is used as a noun and is the subject of the sentence.)

Gerund

A verb that ends in ing and is used as a noun. Ex. Screaming is pointless

Proper Adjective

Is formed by a proper noun and is always capitalized

Positive Adjective

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun without comparing it to anyone or anything else

Comparative Adjective

When an adjective compares two people, places, things, ideas, concepts, or characteristics. The adjective usually ends in er. Ex. Mountain biking is better than road biking.

Superlative Adjective

When an adjective compares three or more people, places, things, ideas, concepts, or characteristics. The adjective usually includes the word most or ends in est. Ex. Mountain biking is the most exciting sport in the Olympics.

Article

An article is a word places before a noun that introduces the noun as specific (the) or nonspecific ( a, an)

Antecedent

The noun that the pronoun replaces or to which it is referring

preposition

A word our group of words that explain position, direction or how two ideas are related to one another

prepositional phrase

IT contains the preposition and the modifiers of the object

homophone

Two or more words that are spelled differently, pronounced identically, but have different meanings

two,to , too Hour, our

homograph

Words that have the same meaning and may or may not be pronounced differently

Read(past tense) read (present tense)

dove(bird) dove(past these of dive)

Six Traits Approach

Ideas, Organization, Voice, Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions

Pre-communicative Writing stage

Uses symbols from the alphabet but no knowledge of letter sound correspondence

Semi-phonetic Writing Stage

Begins to understand letter sound correspondence

Phonetic Writing Stage

Uses a letter or group of letters for every speech sounds heard and may not conform to the more conventional spelling

Transitional Writing Stage

Understands the conventional alternative for sounds and the structure of words

Correct Writing Stage

Knows the orthographic system and the basic rules, making generalizations

Inferential Reading

Utilizing prior knowledge, the reader draws conclusions and makes inferences and the refer recognizes the effects that personal experiences, biases, and points of view may have on analyzing text.

Annotating Text

The reader develops questions in response to text and analyzes and interprets elements of poetry, draws conclusions based on literal and figurative meaning, labels and interprets literacy devices, determines and labels main ideas and supportive details.

Metacognition

During reading and individual mentally includes these processes: thinking about thinking, monitoring understanding, clarifying purpose, identifying difficulty and planning to solve, loathing through text to reviews key concepts, and adjusting reading speed depending on difficulty

Article

A word that is placed before a noun that introduces the noun as specific or nonspecific

Declarative Sentence

Makes a statement or tells something and ends with a period.

Interrogative Sentence

Asks a question and ends with a question mark

Imperative Sentence

Gives a command, often with you as the understood subject and ends with a period

Exclamatory Sentence

Expresses strong feeling or shows surprises and ends with an exclamation point.

semantics

Study of word meaning

Affix

is an attachment to a base or root word

digraph

a combination of two letters possessing a single sound

head=ea

Chance=ch

dipthong

two vowels in which the sound begins at the first vowel and moves toward the sound of the second vowel

grapheme

Is a letter of letters that represent one phoneme;the smallest meaningful unit within a writing system Ex. c, a, t=three graphemes

homonym

Two words have the same pronunciation and spelling but hold different meanings. Ex mouse(animal) or mouse(computer component)

morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can no longer be divided

Phoneme

A distinct unit of sounds found within the language

hyperbole

An exaggeration or overstatement that may or may not be realistic and is not meant to be taken literally Ex. It was such a cold winter day that even the penguins were wearing jackets.

Idiom

Words are used in a special way that is different from their literal meaning

EX. steal one's thunder

cut corners

metaphor

Is a comparison of two unrelated objects, concepts, or ideas without using the words like or as

The cloud was a soft pillow of down

Bryce's words were bullets flying at my heart

Onomatopeia

Use of words that mimic sounds

Ez buzz, cackle, boom, poof

oxymoron

The combination of tow words with opposite meanings

Ex. jumbo shrimp

act naturally

smal fortune

minor crisis

Personification

It is giving a nonhuman thing human characteristics

Ex. The tree fell with a silent, crackling cry of relief

simile

A comparison of two unrelated objects, concepts, or ideas using the words like or as

Ex. The dog ran like a pinwheel in the wind

Precommunicative

Spelling stage one-when the symbols are used to represent the alphabet; letter-sound does not correspond, no deciphering of upper and lowercase letters/scribbles

Semiphonic

When letter sound correspondence begins to arise;single letters are used to represent words or sounds or syllables; initial sounds ares used first to spell words then final sounds and lastly medial sounds.

Single letters U=you elephant is INT

Phonetic

When every sound heard is represented by a letter or group of letters;vowels appear at this stage and can be interchanged

EX ed endings are often written with a t or d

LFENT (elephant)

Transitional

When the child stops relying on sounds and mapping alone to spell words; vowels appear in every syllable, all letters are present in a word but may not be in the correct order;conventions and rules of spelling are learned

Ex gril=girl

elefant=elephant

Jhon=John

mean

Add up all the numbers in a set and divided them by the sum of the numbers

Median

Which is the middle value in an ordered set of numbers

Mode

The number that occurs most often. If none of the numbers repeat then there is no mode.

range

Range is the different between the greatest and least values.

1 year equals

52 weeks

1 Ton

2,000 pounds

1 yard-in

36 inches

1 yard-ft

3 feet

1 mile-ft

5,280 ft

1 mile-yd

1,760 yd

King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk

Kilo, Hecto, Deka, Unit, Deci, Centi, Milli

Pythagorean Theorem

a squared plus b squared = c squared

Geometric Net

A three dimensional shape is broken down into a two dimensional or plane diagram

Complementary Angle

When two angles are measured, the sum of their degrees is equal to 90 degrees

Supplementary Angles

When two angles are measured, the sum of their degrees is equal to 180 degrees

Three major seas

South China Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea

Major deserts

Arabian, Atacama, Australian, Iranian, Kalahari, Namib, North American, Pantagonian, Saharan, Sonoran, Takla Makan-Gobi, That, and Turkestand.

Tribes of people

Navajo, Inuit, Aborigines, etc

Anthropologist

Studies the history of people such as their culture and language

Cartographer

Studies the science of practice of map drawing

Topographer

Designs, describes and develops maps

Archipelago

A chain or group of islands in a sea or ocean

Atoll

A ring or partial ring of coral that forms an island in a sea or ocean

Col

A mountain pass; a depression in the summit line of a chain of mountains

Delta

A flat silt, sand, and rock area that is formed at the mouth of a river and often shaped like a triangle; often provides fertile soil

Islet

A small island, usually isolated

Isthmus

A narrow strip of pan connecting two pieces of land with water on two sides