Unit III - The Protestant and Catholic Reformations

Martin Luther

Martin Luther

an earnest monk until he was 40; strong and spiritually uneasy; terrified by the thought of awful omnipotence of God, distressed by inadequacy, fearful of the devil, convinced he was damned; part of the Protestant movement

justification by faith

Luther's belief that what 'justifies' a person is not what the church knew as 'works' (prayer, alms, sacraments, holy living) but faith alone - inward inclination of spirit given by God to each individual

Tetzel

the friar who travelled through Germany selling indulgences that led Luther to write the ninety-five theses

indulgences

freed people from some of the punishments of purgatory for certain sums of money

95 Theses

ninety-five complaints against the Roman Catholic church that Luther posted on the church doors in Wittenburg

Charles V (also Charles I of Spain)

was given the duty to arrest Luther and forcefully subdue the heresy that came from him and his works

Diet of Worms

held to make Luther recant his works; he refused and said he would only be convinced by scripture or right reason, otherwise he would/could not recant any of his works

1524 peasant revolt

stirred by religious ideas but the demands were social and economic; demanded regulation of rents, security of common village rights and complained of crazy amounts of things being taken as well as oppressive manorial overlords; they were unmercifully put down

Anabaptists

the collective name of various religious leaders who had attracted followers; some believed the world only needed love, others that Christ would come again soon, some that they could do nothing wrong, and others that baby baptism was useless

Schmalkaldic War

Lutheran princes and free cities (united in the Schmalkaldic League) allied with France and went to war in 1546 against the emperor (Charles V)

Cuius regio eius religio

Latin for 'whose realm, his religion'; meant that the ruler's religion dictated the religion of his/her subjects

Peace of Augsburg

a treaty in 1555 that ended the Schmalkaldic War and many other wars of religion; gave each Holy Roman Empire state the right to choose whether it was Lutheran or Catholic

ecclesiastical reservation

any Catholic bishop/churchmen who turned Lutheran in the future should not carry his territory with him and must move away, leaving his land and his people Catholic

John Calvin

a Frenchman, a full generation younger than Luther, who joined forces with the religious revolutionists at age 24, wrote 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'

Institutes of the Christian Religion

if dissatisfied with the existing Roman church, people of all countries could find clear, logical, and convincing expressions of universal propositions which they could apply to their own local situations as needed

predestination

the belief that human beings can never earn salvation on their own or with their actions; any grace that one possessed came from the free action of God alone

Presbyteries

elected bodies made up of ministers and devout laymen

Geneva

Calvin set up his model Christian community here; only lasted a few months

Michael Servetus

a Spanish refugee who denied the divinity of Christ by rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity; burned at the stake by Calvin for being a heretic

Huguenots

the Calvinists in France

John Knox

brought Calvinism to Scotland in 1550 where Presbyterianism became and remained the established religion

1534 Act of Supremacy

declared the King to be the "Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England"; all subjects were required, if asked, to take the oath of supremacy that acknowledged the religious headship of King Henry VIII and rejected that of the pope

1539 Six Articles

required everyone to believe in transubstantiation, the celibacy of the clergy, and the need for confession and other aspects of the Catholic faith and practice

Church of England/Anglicanism

under Queen Elizabeth; Lutheran in organization, retained physical possessions, buildings and internal structure of the medieval church, and was Protestant in religion

1563 Thirty-Nine Articles

composed by a committee of bishops; defined the Protestant religion of the Anglican church

Church of Ireland

the same ecclesiastical settlement as the Church of England, but in Ireland

"episcopal" movement

Vulgate

a translation of the Bible in Latin by St. Jerome; only version of the Bible allowed to be taught out of in the Catholic religion after the Council of Trent

pluralism

the church abuse by which one man held multiple offices within the church at one time

Paul III

the first of the "reforming" popes

St. Vincent de Paul

served a mission to help among the human wreckage of Paris

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

a new monastic order established by St. Ignatius Loyola; less attached to the cloister and more aimed toward an active participation in the worldly affairs

Ursulines

a new religious order for women

Ignatius Loyola

a soldier in his youth; had a religious conversion and became a soldier of the church (militant crusader for the pope); established the Society of Jesus

Spiritual Exercises

set forth the difficult mystical training of the Jesuits; showed the infallibility of the Holy Church; written by St. Ignatius Loyola

ultramontanism

the religious belief within the Catholic church that places emphasis on the power of the Pope

Papal Index of Prohibited Books

published by the pope to stop Catholics from being introduced to things the church did not want them to see; only allowed to read something listed if given special permission and only for special study

Roman/Papal Inquisition

in principle it offered a court to protect the purity of faith in all parts of the Catholic world; used torture

Spanish Inquisition

established originally to find all the remaining Jews and Muslims in Spain; used torture A LOT to punish wrongdoers