6. Staphylococcosis

What is Staphylococcosis?

Staphylococcosis is any infection with or disease caused by members of the genus Staphylococcus

What type of bacteria is Staphylococcus?

Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae. They are facultative anaerobic organisms

What are some species of Staphylococcus and the diseases they cause?

Staphylococcus aureus: local skin diseases and systemic diseases

Staphylococcus intermedius

Staphylococcus hyicus: exudative epidermitis in swine.

How does Staphylococcus infection manifest in the body?

Staphylococcus infection can cause wound infections, purulent-necrotic to exudative lesions on the skin, mucosa, tissues, and organs, or systemic disease. It can be sporadic or enzootic in occurrence.

Where do most Staphylococcus bacteria reside normally?

Most Staphylococcus bacteria are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms.

How can Staphylococcus enter the body and cause disease?

Staphylococcus can enter the body through cuts or abrasions and cause disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals (HIV, FIV). Once inside the body, it may spread to various body systems and organs, including the heart, where its toxins can cause cardiac arrest.

What are some virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus?

hemolysin, enterotoxin, exotoxin, and various enzymes such as coagulase, hyaluronidase, and leucocidin.

How is Staphylococcosis diagnosed?

The diagnosis of Staphylococcosis is made through bacteriology, using samples from pus or skin scrapings.

What are the treatment and prevention measures for Staphylococcosis?

Treatment includes the use of appropriate antibiotics, hygiene practices, wound treatment, surgical interventions, and autovaccines. Proper hygiene and zoo hygiene practices are also important. Autovaccines can be made for specific cases, such as staphylococcal dermatitis in horses or cow impetigo.

What are some diseases associated with Staphylococcosis in various animal species?

* Exudative epidermitis of pigs
* Staphylococcal dermatitis of horses
* Udder Impetigo
* Gangrenous dermatitis and plantar abscesses in poultry
* Mink Pyodermia 
* Subcutaneous abscesses and pododermatitis in rabbits
* Pyodermia and skin abscesses in dogs

What is the aetiology of exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

\
***Staphylococcus hyicus****.* **Contagious infectious** disease – exudative skin inflammation, no pruritus, dehydration, and death. **Up to age of 6 weeks**. Mortality can reach 90%.

What is the transmission for exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

*S. hyicus* is found on the **nasal and vaginal mucosa and from the skin of the ears and snout in healthy animals**. It is spread by transmission into skin abrasions. It also persists in the environment for long periods.

What is the pathogenesis of exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

Source of infection **– inapparent carrier, sows**

Spread of infection – **contact** 

Infection **– damaged skin**

Predisposition factors – skin wounds, parasites

Course of the infection – site of infection 🡪 corium 🡪 epidermis 🡪 skin erythema 🡪 exudative inflammation

What are the clinical signs for exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

***Per acute*** – suckling pigs 🡪 erythema, pain, **greasy exudate (eyes, ears, abdomen),** anorexia, dehydration, **death within 48 hours.** 

***Acute*** – 3 to 10 weeks, **thick exudate, crusts**, fever, dehydration, **death on 4-8 day. Therapy 🡪 recovery.** 

***Chronic*** – sporadic, skin regards, therapy cause recovery. Morbidity: 20-100%, mortality: 50-75%, especially in younger animals

What is the diagnosis for exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

Bacteriology – skin scraping and bioptate

What are the differential diagnoses for exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

Scabies, pox, dermatomycosis, parakeratosis

What is the prevention/therapy for exudative epidermitis in swine (greasy pig disease)?

Isolation of young from sows. Cleaning and disinfection. ATB therapy less effective in the age up to 10 days (cloxacillin). No vaccine. Disinfection (2% phenol, 5% chloramine)

What is the aetiology of tick pyaemia of lambs?

***Staphylococcus aureus****.* Causing septicaemia, bacteriemia, localisation in organs and tissue. Occurrence in **area with tick Ixodes ricinus**

What is the epizootiology for tick pyaemia of lambs?

Predisposition factor – **transmissive fever. Ehrlichia phagocytophila** (new name **Anaplasma phagocytophilum**) causes immunosuppression – higher susceptibility to S. aurerus. **Seasonal incidence**

What are the clinical signs of tick pyaemia of lambs?

Septicaemia, sudden death, local infection – arthritis, meningitis. Abscesses in internal organs, joints, and meninges

What is the prevention/therapy for tick pyaemia of lambs?

Tick control. Preventive ATB application in 1-3 week and 5-7 week of life.

If clinical disease appear – **therapy is not effective due to massive immunosuppression and bacteraemia**

What is the aetiology of staphylococcosis in dogs and cats?

Staphylococcosis in dogs and cats is most caused by ***Staphylococcus intermedius*** **in dogs, and S*****taph felis and S. simulans*** **in cats, as well as** ***staphylococcus aureus***.

The disease is characterized by **purulent exudative inflammation of skin, ears, eyes, respiratory or urogenital system**. The disease occurs sporadically in immunosuppressed cats (FIV) and dogs, the bacteria enter via damaged skin or mucosa and may be commensals but have high adhering ability to lesions

What are the clinical signs of staphylococcosis in dogs and cats?

Clinical signs include **skin abscesses, pyoderma, otitis, endocarditis, bronchopneumonia, urinary tract infection**. Skin lesions are alopecic

What is the treatment for staphylococcosis in dogs and cats?

\
Not usually effective due to immunosuppression otherwise **self-limiting**

What are the pathologies caused by Staphylococcus in poultry?

arthritis, tendosynovitis, spondylitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, septicaemia

What are the pathologies caused by Staphylococcus in rabbits?

otitis, rhinitis, conjuctivitis, pneumonia, septicaemia

What are the pathologies caused by Staphylococcus in dogs and cats?

otitis, endocarditis, ophtalmitis, bronchopneumonia,  UGT

What are the aetiological agents causing staphylococcosis in humans?

***S. aureus****, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus*

What are the pathologies caused by Staphylococcus in humans?

pyoderma, abscess, sinusitis, otitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic thrombophlebitis, endocarditis

What is the therapy for staphylococcosis in humans?

oxacillin, lincomycin

How many staphylococcal enterotoxins are there?

5 (A-E)

What is the pathogenesis for staphylococcal enterotoxicosis?

thermostabile, aerosols 🡪  contaminated food – short incubation period (1-7 hours), vomitus, diarrohea, colic, headache, no fever, quick recovery within 2 days