Plant Nutrition

N2

________ is an essential constituent of nucleic acids so helps in the synthesis of protein, chlorophyll, and cytochrome.

deficiency symptoms

To determine the elements essential for plant growth and ________ of an essential element, a well- defined nutrient medium has to be used.

Minerals

________ are not absorbed in molecular form but absorbed in cations or anions.

Potassium

________ (K): Most common free Ion of the cell and also the most mobile element of the cell required for the synthesis of protein, opening, and closing of stomata, and turgor pressure of cell, also an activator of some enzymes.

Iron

________ was earlier supplied as ferrous sulfate, but it often precipitated out.

Deficiency

________:- Causes mottling and marginal necrosis of leaves, called Whiptail disease.

Sulfur

________ (S): Sulphur is essential for the formation of certain vitamins like biotin, thiamine, and coenzyme A.

Absorption

________ takes place by the cells of epiblema in the zone.

Cotyledons

________ are removed after seedling formation.

Molybdenum

________ (Mo):- Required for nodulation in leguminous plants or activator for N2 metabolism and help in N2 fixation and for reduction of Nitrate to Nitrite and Protein synthesis also.

Tanks

________ are provided with aerating and circulating techniques.

Copper Cu

________]:- Involve in plastocyanin which is used in O2 transport in many marine organisms.

Manganese

________ (Mn):- Functions as an activator of several enzymes of Kreb's cycle or activator for carboxylase enzyme.

CO2

Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen: They are obtained from water and ________ in the air.

Mg+2

________ is an activator for both RuBisCo and PEPcase, both of which are critical enzymes in photosynthetic carbon fixation; Zn+2 is an activator of alcohol dehydrogenase and Mo of nitrogenase during nitrogen metabolism.

Calcium

________ (Ca): Present in middle lamella as ________ pectate and required for division of shoot apex & root apex and also involved in cell membrane permeability.

Nitrogen

________ (N2): ________ is an essential constituent of proteins and protoplasm.

Seeds

________ are grown in highly washed pure sand in a glass or glazed porcelain or plastic container and supplied with a carefully made- up nutrient solution.

Ca

________ is also involved in muscle activity, blood clotting, fertilization, etc.

Magnesium

________ (Mg): Activator of enzymes of phosphate metabolism.

Exanthema

________- the killing of the apical meristem.

legumes

Nodulation in ________ is reduced due to deficiency of ‘ S & ‘ B.

photolysis of water

In animals and is also involved in the ________.

Chlorine

________ (Cl):- Required for ionic balance, and solute concentration, ________ plays important role in photosynthesis especially light reaction of photosynthesis (splitting of water)

Zinc

________ (Zn):- ________ is essential for the synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of IAA.

Raw materials

________ that are used in nutrition are called nutrients.

Nickel Ni+2

________]: it is the activator of the enzyme urease.

Aeroponics

________: It is a technique of soil- less culture in which the roots of plants are suspended amid an oxygenated nutrient solution.

large tanks of metal

Culture is performed in ________ or Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C)

energy carrier

It is a(n) ________ and forms part of ATP, ADP, and NADP so involved in energy transfer reactions.

proteins

All enzymes are ________ (except ribozyme) or their derivatives.

utilization of raw materials

All the processes that are involved in the uptake and ________ by living organisms for their normal growth and development are called nutrition.

Soil

________ normally contains sufficient quantities of essential minerals.

Solution culture

________: It is performed in glass jars or polythene bottles.

Fe

________ is required in large amounts and Mo is low in comparison to other micronutrients.

formation of root

It is essential for the ________ nodules in the leguminous plant.

Mineral elements

________ are present in the soil either in dissolved form or in an absorbed form.

Nutrients

________ are inorganic substances obtained from the air (C, H2, O2) or soil.

nodule formation

It is essential for ________ in the roots of Legumes.

Catalytic elements

________: Some elements function as part of the enzymes, without the presence of these elements some enzymes can not function.

Iron

________ (Fe): Required for ferredoxin & cytochromes formation and act as a catalyst for chlorophyll formation & used in transport in animals.

Deficiency

________:- Causes many diseases in plants.

Seeds

________ are suspended in solution from the wire mesh with the help of threads.

Minerals

________ are not absorbed in the zone of root hair and meristematic zones.

Tanks

________ are covered with wire mesh.

Deficiency

________:- Inter veinal chlorosis with green veins appearing first in older leaves, reduced growth.

Deficiency

________: Responsible for chlorosis, first in young leaves, leaf curling, nodulation stop in Legumes, and cause of defoliation in Tea and stunted growth.

Deficiency

________: Inter veinal chlorosis with green veins appearing first in young leaves, reduced growth.

Deficiency

________: Poor growth, leaves dull green or with anthocyanin, chlorosis followed by necrosis.

Deficiency

________: Ca is important for the activity of apical meristems and mitosis so its ________ decrease meristematic activities or stem & root tip die.

__Essential elements in agricultural soil

-classified into two categories

Macro-elements (major)

-These elements are required by the plant in larger quantities

These are

C H O P K S Ca Mg N

Micro-elements (minor)

are required by the plant in low quantities but they are also as important as macro elements

These are

Fe Cu Ni Zn Mn B Cl Mo, etc

Framework elements

These elements are involved in the building up of cell walls and storage products of plants

Protoplasmic elements

These elements are components of protoplasmic constituents like nucleic acids, protein, and chlorophyll

Catalytic elements

Some elements function as part of the enzymes, without the presence of these elements some enzymes cannot function

Balancing elements

These elements overcome the toxic effects of other elements

Critical elements

a type of macronutrient that become commonly deficit in soil e.g., N, P, K, also called complete fertilizer, and their deficiency is called a primary deficiency

(viii) Mobile elements

H, N, S, P, K, Cl, Zn, Mo, Ni

Immobile elements

Ca, Fe, B, & Cu

(x) Non-mineral elements

C, H, O, N. * Nitrogen is both a mineral and non-mineral element

Appear first in the older tissues (Mobile elements)

if elements are actively mobilized within the plants and exported to young developing tissue

Appear first in the younger tissues (Immobile elements)

if elements are relatively immobile and are not transported out of the mature organs because they are part of the structural component of the cell and hence are not easily released

Arnon and Hoaglands Medium

They prescribed a medium containing micronutrients

Solution culture

It is performed in glass jars or polythene bottles

Hydroponics

Commercial technique of soilless culture is called hydroponics, which was first developed by Julius Von Sachs in 1860, a prominent German botanist

Significance

Useful in areas having thin, infertile dry soils

Aeroponics

It is a technique of soil-less culture in which the roots of plants are suspended amid an oxygenated nutrient solution

Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen

They are obtained from water and CO2 in the air

Phosphorus (P)

Involve in Nucleotide (DNA and RNA) formation and cell membrane formation etc

Deficiency

Poor growth, leaves dull green or with anthocyanin, chlorosis followed by necrosis

Potassium (K)

Most common free Ion of the cell and also the most mobile element of the cell required for the synthesis of protein, opening, and closing of stomata, and turgor pressure of cell, also an activator of some enzymes

Deficiency

Marginal chlorosis and necrosis appear first in older leaves

Sulfur (S)

Sulphur is essential for the formation of certain vitamins like biotin, thiamine, and coenzyme A

Deficiency

Responsible for chlorosis, first in young leaves, leaf curling, nodulation stop in Legumes, and cause of defoliation in Tea and stunted growth

Calcium (Ca)

Present in middle lamella as calcium pectate and required for division of shoot apex & root apex and also involved in cell membrane permeability

Deficiency

Ca is important for the activity of apical meristems and mitosis so its deficiency decrease meristematic activities or stem & root tip die

Iron (Fe)

Required for ferredoxin & cytochromes formation and act as a catalyst for chlorophyll formation & used in transport in animals

Deficiency

Inter veinal chlorosis with green veins appearing first in young leaves, reduced growth

Magnesium (Mg)

Activator of enzymes of phosphate metabolism

Deficiency

Interveinal chlorosis appears first in older leaves

Nitrogen (N2)

Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins and protoplasm

Deficiency

-Inter veinal chlorosis with green veins appearing first in older leaves, reduced growth

Molybdenum (Mo)

-Required for nodulation in leguminous plants or activator for N2 metabolism and help in N2 fixation and for reduction of Nitrate to Nitrite and Protein synthesis also

Deficiency

-Causes mottling and marginal necrosis of leaves, called Whiptail disease

Zinc (Zn)

-Zinc is essential for the synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of IAA

(indol 3 acetic acid

a natural auxin) so help in auxin hormone formation

Deficiency

-Causes many diseases in plants

Manganese (Mn)

Functions as an activator of several enzymes of Kreb's cycle or activator for carboxylase enzyme

Deficiency

-Cause inter-veinal chlorosis with grey spots, a flower becomes sterile, called marsh spot disease

Chlorine (Cl)

-Required for ionic balance, and solute concentration, chlorine plays important role in photosynthesis especially light reaction of photosynthesis (splitting of water)

Deficiency

-Causes Bronze-colored leaves, swollen root tips, wilting & flower abscission

Boron [B]

-Most important trace element, necessary for pollen germination, and translocation of food (sugar)

Copper [Cu]

-Involve in plastocyanin which is used in O2 transport in many marine organisms

Deficiency

Cause the following disease -

i. Dieback

the killing of the apical meristem

Exanthema

the killing of the apical meristem

Reclamation disease

leaf tip necrosis