PSYC 101 - FINALLLL

Personality

A characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting; can change or develop

Barnum Effect

Believing vague personality descriptions apply specifically to you

Psychodynamic Perspective

Behavior driven by unconscious instincts and unresolved childhood conflicts

Freudian Slip

Accidental speech that reveals true thoughts

Conscious Mind

Thoughts and perceptions you're aware of

Preconscious Mind

Memories and stored knowledge

Unconscious Mind

Hidden desires, fears, unacceptable urges

Id

Pleasure principle; wants immediate gratification

Ego

Reality principle; balances id and superego

Superego

Morality principle; conscience

Fixation

Getting stuck in a psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflict

Oral Stage

Birth–18 months; fixation causes nail biting, smoking

Anal Stage

18–36 months; fixation causes anal retentive (Type A) or anal expulsive (Type B)

Phallic Stage

3–6 years; Oedipus/Electra complex, penis envy

Latency Stage

6–puberty; calm period

Genital Stage

Puberty onward; mature sexual interests

Repression

Pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the unconscious

Regression

Reverting to earlier developmental stage

Reaction Formation

Acting opposite of true feelings

Projection

Attributing your feelings to someone else

Rationalization

Making excuses for behavior

Displacement

Taking anger out on someone/thing that doesn’t deserve it

Sublimation

Channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable actions

Rorschach Test

Inkblot test revealing unconscious thoughts

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Interpreting pictures to reveal motives and feelings

Big 5 Traits (OCEAN)

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Myers-Briggs

Personality test based on Jung; not strongly scientific

Psychopathology

Study of psychological disorders

46% Mental Health Statistic

Percent of people who experience a mental disorder

Trepination

Drilling a hole in skull to release evil spirits

Phillipe Pinel

Reformed treatment of mentally ill in 1793

Deinstitutionalization

Closing mental institutions beginning in 1955; many patients became homeless

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

People-First Language

“Person with schizophrenia” instead of “schizophrenic”

Rosenhan Study

Showed psychiatric hospitals misdiagnose normal behavior

Malingering

Lying about symptoms on purpose

Phobia

Irrational fear that interferes with daily life

Flooding

Extreme exposure therapy for phobias

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure paired with relaxation techniques

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts; compulsions are repetitive actions

Trichotillomania

Hair pulling

Trichophagia

Pulling and eating hair

Dermatillomania

Skin picking

Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest

SSRI

Medication that blocks serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin availability

ECT

Electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression

Cognitive View of Depression

Belief problems are stable, global, and internal

Bipolar Disorder

Alternating periods of mania and depression

Anorexia Nervosa

Restriction of food intake; fear of weight gain

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging

Schizophrenia

Disorder involving hallucinations, delusions, and loss of reality

Hallucination

False sensory perception

Delusion

False belief

Negative Symptoms

Absence of normal behavior (flat affect, catatonia)

Positive Symptoms

Added behaviors like hallucinations and delusions

Catatonic Schizophrenia

Waxy flexibility; frozen posture

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Delusions of persecution and auditory hallucinations

Schizophrenia Causes

Genetics, brain abnormalities, prenatal flu virus, stress

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Little regard for others’ rights or feelings

Rogers: Empathy

Understanding patient’s emotions

Rogers: Congruence

Therapist authenticity and teamwork

Rogers: Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting patient without judgment

motivation

process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met

motives

primary and secondary

types of primary motives

hunger, thirst, sleep

secondary drives

other motivators for doing things, unique to the individual and dependent to stage of life. ex. social approval, money, grades

types of motivation

intrinsic and extrinsic

intrinsic motivation

motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards

extrinsic motivation

motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment 

mallows hierarchy of needs

self-transcendence, self-actualization, esteem needs, belonging and loving, safety, physiological needs

basic emotions

anger, fear, joy, disgust (Paul rozin), sadness, surprise, (interest for babies). Paul Ekman

James-lange theory

arousal → brain reads feedback from body → feel emotion

facial feedback hypothesis, unconscious reaction

Schacter’s (Schacter-Singer) 2-Factor Theory 

arousal → cognitive assessment → feel emotion

brain creates conscious thought about emotion

bridge study 

stress

Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events seen as threatening or challenging

examples of distress

sickness, bullying, pain, money

distress

long-term, rehabilitates, beyond your control

examples of eustress 

wedding planning, work, family

eustress

short-term, contributes to growing

ways to assess stress

social readjustment rating scale, college undergraduate stress scale

yerkes-dodson curve

bell curve between arousal and performance

attribution theory 

how people perceive and interpret the causes of their own and others' behavior

fundamental attribution error

Make internal attribution for other people's behavior, while downplaying external factors

festinger and carlsmith (1959)

money to lie about excitement of activity

foot-in-door phenomenon

free trial

door-in-the-face phenomenon

big ask to make regular price seem smaller 

zimbardo Stanford prison experiment 

role-playing, what the public will do when told by an authority figure

conformity

Asch (1951), line sizes

obedience

milgram, the nuremberg trials (nazi)

social facilitation

effect on performance by individuals around you, only works for tasks you’re good at

social loafing

allowing group members to do your share of work

deindividulaion 

losing sense of individual identity among a group

altruism

doing something good for someone else and not expecting anything in return

bystander effect

kitty genovese (stabbed to death) diffusion of responsibility

what is learning

a permeant change in behavior due to experience

who created classical conditioning

Pavlov

what is classical conditioning

associated stimuli that occur together

what is reflexive behavior

the natural outcome

unconditional

unlearned behavior (reflexive)

conditioned

learned behavior

stimulus

the thing that causes the behavior to change