AQA GCSE Geography Rivers

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74 Terms

1
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THE PATH OF A RIVER AS IT FLOWS DOWNHILL IS CALLED ITS...

course

<p>course</p>
2
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RIVERS ERODE THE ......... AND TRANSPORT IT THROUGH ...........

landscape, deposition

<p>landscape, deposition</p>
3
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THE UPPER COURSE HAS A STEEP GRADIENT WITH...

V-shaped valleys, narrow and a shallow channel

<p>V-shaped valleys, narrow and a shallow channel</p>
4
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THE MIDDLE COURSE HAS A MEDIUM GRADIENT WITH ...

gently sloping valleys, wider and deeper channels

<p>gently sloping valleys, wider and deeper channels</p>
5
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THE LOWER COURSE HAS AN ALMOST FLAT VALLEY, IT IS...

very wide with a deep channel

<p>very wide with a deep channel</p>
6
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VERTICAL EROSION HAPPENS DUE TO...

turbulent water, this causes intense downward erosion

<p>turbulent water, this causes intense downward erosion</p>
7
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VERTICAL EROSION IS DOMINANT IN THE....

upper course

<p>upper course</p>
8
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LATERAL EROSION WIDENS THE RIVER VALLEY DURING...

the formation of meanders

<p>the formation of meanders</p>
9
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LATERAL EROSION IS DOMINANT IN THE...

middle/lower course

<p>middle/lower course</p>
10
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HYDRAULIC ACTION

force of water breaking the rock particles apart

<p>force of water breaking the rock particles apart</p>
11
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ABRASION

rocks picked up and scraped along the channel

<p>rocks picked up and scraped along the channel</p>
12
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ATTRITION

eroded rocks smashed and eventually rounded, get smaller

<p>eroded rocks smashed and eventually rounded, get smaller</p>
13
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SOLUTION (CORROSION)

river water dissolves rocks such as chalk and limestone

<p>river water dissolves rocks such as chalk and limestone</p>
14
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TRACTION(ROLLY-ROLLY)

rolled along the river bed by the current

<p>rolled along the river bed by the current</p>
15
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SALTATION(BOUNCY-BOUNCY)

pebbles bounced along by the force of the water

<p>pebbles bounced along by the force of the water</p>
16
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SUSPENSION(FLOATY-FLOATY)

small particles (silt, clay) carried

<p>small particles (silt, clay) carried</p>
17
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SOLUTION(FIZZY-FIZZY)

soluble materials dissolve giving a muddy look

<p>soluble materials dissolve giving a muddy look</p>
18
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DEPOSITION HAPPENS WHEN...

a river looses power, amount of materials increased, shallower water, river reaches the mouth

<p>a river looses power, amount of materials increased, shallower water, river reaches the mouth</p>
19
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DEPOSITION IS...

when a river drops materials

<p>when a river drops materials</p>
20
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INTER-LOCKING SPURS ARE..

valley land form as rivers don't have enough energy to go through mountains

<p>valley land form as rivers don't have enough energy to go through mountains</p>
21
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WATERFALLS ARE MADE WHEN...

water flows over hard and soft rock, the soft rock erodes first by hydraulic action and abrasion which forms a step which eventually fall, the fallen rock erodes creating a plunge pool, overtime the waterfall will retreat, making a steep sided gorge

<p>water flows over hard and soft rock, the soft rock erodes first by hydraulic action and abrasion which forms a step which eventually fall, the fallen rock erodes creating a plunge pool, overtime the waterfall will retreat, making a steep sided gorge</p>
22
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RAPIDS ARE FORMED WHEN...

differential erosion occurs due to a mix of hard and soft rock, the river bed therefore becomes unstable and uneven and creates turbulent water forming rapids

<p>differential erosion occurs due to a mix of hard and soft rock, the river bed therefore becomes unstable and uneven and creates turbulent water forming rapids</p>
23
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MEANDERS

rivers develop large bands

<p>rivers develop large bands</p>
24
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MEANDERS OCCUR IN THE...

middle and lower courses

<p>middle and lower courses</p>
25
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MEANDERS ARE MADE WHEN...

the rivers current is faster on the outside of the bend as the rivers channel is deeper (less friction to slow water down), more erosion takes place on the outside of the bend; forming river cliffs, the current is slower on the inside of the bend as the channels shallower, eroded material is deposited on the inside forming slip-off slopes

<p>the rivers current is faster on the outside of the bend as the rivers channel is deeper (less friction to slow water down), more erosion takes place on the outside of the bend; forming river cliffs, the current is slower on the inside of the bend as the channels shallower, eroded material is deposited on the inside forming slip-off slopes</p>
26
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OXBOW LAKES

erosion causes the outside of the bends to nearly meet leaving a neck. A river flood usually brake this and the river picks the shortest route eventually cutting off the oxbow lakes from deposition

<p>erosion causes the outside of the bends to nearly meet leaving a neck. A river flood usually brake this and the river picks the shortest route eventually cutting off the oxbow lakes from deposition</p>
27
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A FLOOD PLAIN IS...

the wide valley floor on each side of a river which occasionally floods; each time t floods it deposits material creating a raised area which is also flat from meanders

<p>the wide valley floor on each side of a river which occasionally floods; each time t floods it deposits material creating a raised area which is also flat from meanders</p>
28
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LEVEES ARE

natural embankments caused by deposition of heav materials built up over time

<p>natural embankments caused by deposition of heav materials built up over time</p>
29
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A DELTA IS A...

river mouth split into tributaries which salt and fresh water mix, causing it to fluctuate (joinign together to make something heavier), making the material heavier and deposit. This creates new land

<p>river mouth split into tributaries which salt and fresh water mix, causing it to fluctuate (joinign together to make something heavier), making the material heavier and deposit. This creates new land</p>
30
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ESTUARIES ARE FOUND IN...

the mouth of a river

<p>the mouth of a river</p>
31
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WATER IN ESTUARIES IS...

tidal; it rises and falls each day

<p>tidal; it rises and falls each day</p>
32
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THE WATER OF ESTUARIES...

floods over banks depositing silt and sand onto the valley floor. This builds up a mud flat.

<p>floods over banks depositing silt and sand onto the valley floor. This builds up a mud flat.</p>
33
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THE MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO A RIVER...

varies

<p>varies</p>
34
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EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

process water is evaporated from soil of transpiration by plants

<p>process water is evaporated from soil of transpiration by plants</p>
35
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SOIL STORAGE

infiltrated water by soil

<p>infiltrated water by soil</p>
36
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THROUGH FLOW

water flowing through the growth

<p>water flowing through the growth</p>
37
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HUMAN CAUSES OF FLOODING

urban land use-impermiabe surface such as tarmac prevent infiltration, deforistation-stops evapotranspiration and interception causes surface run off, bridges-stops waterflow buiding under pressure, restricted channel-water is restricted and causes overflowing (boscastle 2004), farmiing-tractors compress soil to stop infiltration and plastic covering plants stops infiltration

<p>urban land use-impermiabe surface such as tarmac prevent infiltration, deforistation-stops evapotranspiration and interception causes surface run off, bridges-stops waterflow buiding under pressure, restricted channel-water is restricted and causes overflowing (boscastle 2004), farmiing-tractors compress soil to stop infiltration and plastic covering plants stops infiltration</p>
38
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PHYSICAL CAUSES OF FLOODING

intense rainfall-only so much water will infiltrate before causing surface run off, prolonged precipitation-only so much water can infiltrate, snow melt-often occurs as it s steep and cold, hard/dry soil-dry soil becomes more condense as it contains clay which stops infiltration, steep slopes-hills cause water to flow downhill

<p>intense rainfall-only so much water will infiltrate before causing surface run off, prolonged precipitation-only so much water can infiltrate, snow melt-often occurs as it s steep and cold, hard/dry soil-dry soil becomes more condense as it contains clay which stops infiltration, steep slopes-hills cause water to flow downhill</p>
39
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RIVER MANAGEMENT CAN...

help prevent flooding

<p>help prevent flooding</p>
40
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-DAMNS-EXPLANATION

often built along the course of a river to control the amount of discharge water is helpd back and released in a controlled way

<p>often built along the course of a river to control the amount of discharge water is helpd back and released in a controlled way</p>
41
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-DAMNS-ADVANTAGES

can be used for drinking water, hydro-electricity, new habitats

<p>can be used for drinking water, hydro-electricity, new habitats</p>
42
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-DAMNS-DISADVANTAGES

ruins landscape, expensive, sediment trapped, settlement/agriculture ruined

<p>ruins landscape, expensive, sediment trapped, settlement/agriculture ruined</p>
43
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-CHANNELISATION-EXPLANATION

river may be widened or deepened to carry more water

<p>river may be widened or deepened to carry more water</p>
44
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-CHANNELISATION-ADVANTAGES

protects immediate area, long lasting, residents gain confidence

<p>protects immediate area, long lasting, residents gain confidence</p>
45
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-CHANNELISATION-DISADVANTAGES

destroys habitats, accelerates river=speeds up erosion, unnatural look

<p>destroys habitats, accelerates river=speeds up erosion, unnatural look</p>
46
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-ARTIFICIAL LEVEES-EXPLANATION

raised banks along the river

<p>raised banks along the river</p>
47
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-ARTIFICIAL LEVEES-ADVANTAGES

pedestrian path, stop erosion, stop flooding, habitats for plants and animals

<p>pedestrian path, stop erosion, stop flooding, habitats for plants and animals</p>
48
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-ARTIFICIAL LEVEES-DISADVANTAGES

often banks aren't high enough, ugly, don't stop; just prevent, boaters and fishers struggle to get to the river

<p>often banks aren't high enough, ugly, don't stop; just prevent, boaters and fishers struggle to get to the river</p>
49
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-FLOOD RELIEF CHANNEL-EXPLANATION

changes course of the river, diverts floodwaters from settlements

<p>changes course of the river, diverts floodwaters from settlements</p>
50
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-FLOOD RELIEF CHANNEL-ADVANTAGES

course settlements are safe, can be used for water sports, nature reserves can be made around them, lowers insurance

<p>course settlements are safe, can be used for water sports, nature reserves can be made around them, lowers insurance</p>
51
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-HARD ENGINEERING-FLOOD RELIEF CHANNEL-DISADVANTAGES

large land required, extremely expensive, flooding risk increase where they rejoin, has to be maintained, ugly

<p>large land required, extremely expensive, flooding risk increase where they rejoin, has to be maintained, ugly</p>
52
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-FLOODPLAIN ZONING-EXPLANATION

urban development is controlled around the floodplain

<p>urban development is controlled around the floodplain</p>
53
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-FLOODPLAIN ZONING-ADVANTAGES

cheap, risk reduced, reduces impact, no buildings=less surface run-off

<p>cheap, risk reduced, reduces impact, no buildings=less surface run-off</p>
54
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-FLOODPLAIN ZONING-DISADVANTAGES

there can be resistance, pressure to build on the countryside, planning regulations and controls are harder

<p>there can be resistance, pressure to build on the countryside, planning regulations and controls are harder</p>
55
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-AFFORESTATION-EXPLANATION

trees are planted in the rivers catchment area to intercept

<p>trees are planted in the rivers catchment area to intercept</p>
56
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-AFFORESTATION-ADVANTAGES

cheap, environment quality improved, prevents surface run off, sustainable, absorbs carbon, used for tourism

<p>cheap, environment quality improved, prevents surface run off, sustainable, absorbs carbon, used for tourism</p>
57
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-AFFORESTATION-DISADVANTAGES

if conifers planted soil becomes acidic, dense trees=unnatural, increase fire risk, less farmland

<p>if conifers planted soil becomes acidic, dense trees=unnatural, increase fire risk, less farmland</p>
58
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-RIVER RESTORATION-EXPLANATION

removing hard engineering and let the river flood again

<p>removing hard engineering and let the river flood again</p>
59
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-RIVER RESTORATION-ADVANTAGES

little maintenance, better habitats

<p>little maintenance, better habitats</p>
60
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-RIVER RESTORATION-DISADVANTAGES

flood risk increase, surrounding area, can't be used for human use, river is not easily navigated

<p>flood risk increase, surrounding area, can't be used for human use, river is not easily navigated</p>
61
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-PREDICTION-EXPLANATION

predicting when or if the river will flood, can help education and forecasting, building plans

<p>predicting when or if the river will flood, can help education and forecasting, building plans</p>
62
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-FLOOD WARNING-EXPLANATION

tells people how bad the flood will be

<p>tells people how bad the flood will be</p>
63
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RIVER MANAGEMENT-SOFT ENGINEERING-FLOOD WARNING-TYPES OF FLOOD WARNING

flood alert: flooding is possible; be prepared, flood warning:flooding is expected;immediate action required, severe flood warning: severe flooding; danger to life

<p>flood alert: flooding is possible; be prepared, flood warning:flooding is expected;immediate action required, severe flood warning: severe flooding; danger to life</p>
64
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-EXPLANATION

completed in 2015, costing £23 m, defences now have 1/137 year floods compared to the previous 1/30

65
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-MITFORD STORAGE AREA

large area with dam upstream, can store 1.5 million meters cubed of water during floods

66
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-NEW FLOOD WALLS AND GATES

high stanners new walls with gates built to contain water and prevent flooding of homes

67
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-TREE CATCHERS

vertical concrete poles upstream to catch debris clogging bridges in morpeth

68
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-CULVERTS

cotting burn (tributary to north) culverts to be made larger to cope

69
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-SOFT ENGINEERING

environment agency puts out flood warning

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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-ISSUES-ENVIRONMENTAL

scheme has created 17 areas of new habitat upstream and 3,500 endangered white-clawed crayfish have been relocated upstream of the river Wansbeck, new storage area has created a large scale habitat ensuring the survival of the white-clawed crayfish and other endangered species, defences have been clad in stone to make them look nice (Aesthetics)

71
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-ISSUES-ECONOMIC

Morpeth didn't qualify for money form central government so Northumberland council out in £12 million to pay for defences, insurance went up 70% after flood, if business can't get insurance they won't invest, Morpeth MP (Ian Lavey) raise in parliament one woman's case who was quoted between £3000 and £4800 and an excess of £7.5k insurance companies are telling residents that the defences are irrelevant

72
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-ISSUES-SOCIAL

residents are anxious when it rains, affects residents of Morpeth could also affect people doing the flood gates; they are being bullied to do so, environmental agency have educated locals about their work so they will feel safer

73
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-WHY WAS THE SCHEME REQUIRED-PHYSICAL

river has 3 main tributaries; the three combine through three town, most tributaries flow into steep sided wooded valleys, classified as "rapid response" catchments, Friday 6/8/2008-80mm rain and 70mm 7/8/2008-low pressure system over England

74
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RIVER WANSBECK, MORPETH NORTHUMBERLAND, UK-WHY WAS THE SCHEME REQUIRED?-PHYSICAL AND HUMAN FACTORS

severe flood in 1963 over 1500 properties flooded, flood defences designed to contain repeat, 2008 flood was n excess of the 1963 flood and topped defences, studies of 2008 flood concluded greatest flood in 250 years