Organic chemistry Test 2 Vocab

Markovnikov’s rule

The nucleophile adds to the more substituted carbocation (the most stable carbocation)

regioselective

1 structural isomer product is favored more than the other (but the other is still formed)

regiospecific

only 1 structural isomer is made in the reaction (even though multiple should be possible)

1,2 methyl shift

a methyl group shifts to a neighboring carbon to form a more stable carbocation

1,2 hydride shift

a hydrogen shifts to a neighboring carbon to form a more stable carbocation

deprotonation

removing a hydrogen from a molecule or ion

anti addition

when a reaction causes atoms to always form bonds on opposite sides of the molecule

syn addition

when a reaction causes atoms to always form bonds on the same side of the molecule

stereospecific

only 1 stereoisomer is made in the reaction (even though multiple should be possible)

stereoselective

1 stereoisomer product is favored more than the other (but the other is still formed)

concerted

All bond making/breaking happens in one step

vinylic cation

cation where the positive charge is on an atom that also has a double bond

tautomers

2 isomers of a compound that interconvert easily

ΔG

ΔH-TΔS=?

ΔG

-RTlnK_eq=?

[products]/[reactants]=?

K_eq

ΔG⁺⁺

activation energy

exothermic

release of thermal energy, negative ΔH

exergonic

release of energy, negative ΔG

kinetic product

product with the lowest energy transition state for the rate-determining step (lowest ΔG⁺⁺)

thermodynamic product

the product with the lowest energy product

heat of hydrogenation

change in ΔH of the reaction

vinyl alcohol

molecule where the alcohol is on an atom with a double bond (also called an enol)