AP HUG unit 5 Vocab

Agribusiness

The large scale system that includes the production processing and distribution, financially funding, and research of agricultural products and equipment

First agricultural revolution

Marked by the shift from pneumatic hunting and gathering to sedentary farming

Second agricultural revolution

Took place in Europe between 1600s and 1800s characterized by major improvements in farming techniques that allowed Europe to feed a rapidly expanding population

Third agricultural revolution

Began in the 20th century on a global scale, it the use of science technology and globalization to transform agricultural shift from human and animal labor to me

Aquaculture

The cultivation rearing and harvesting of aquatic organisms in controlled water environments

Bid rent theory

The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market. Closer to the market is more desirable and farther from the market is less desirable

Biodiversity

The variety of life forms, including genetic system and economic diversity within a specific area or the Earth has a hole

Climate

The long-term average weather conditions like temperature precipitation, humidity, and wind in an area typically over 30 years

Clustered

Close together or in agricultural, it can be rural residence living in groups of homes in close proximity to another

Colombian exchange

Massive post 1490 228 transfer of plants, animals diseases, people intake between all the world, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New World the Americas

Commercial agriculture

Large scale farming undertaken primarily to generate products far off the farm rather than for the Farmer’s personal conception

Commodity

A complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers

Conservation efforts

Initiatives aimed at protecting and sustainably, managing natural resources and ecosystems

Deforestation

Deforestation is the large rule of force for other land uses like agriculture, logging and urbanization

Desertification

A process were fertile land, especially in dry regions, becomes increasingly air, unproductive, and desert like

Economics of scale

Cost advantages reached when production becomes efficient causing average cost per unit to decrease for example buying things in bulk and this often takes out smaller businesses

Extensive farming

Agricultural system characterized by low intensive labor capital and chemical chemicals relative to the large land area being cultivated

Fair trade

Alternative to international trade that emphasize equality and ensuring products and development countries or LDCs receive their fair wages and that workers get safe conditions and a higher pay for their goods

Fertile crescent

Fertile crescent is a crescent shaped fertile region in the Middle East were known as the primary hearth of agriculture and the cradle of civilization

Food deserts

Low income or urban or rural areas with limited access to affordable nutritious and fresh food

Food insecurity

Lack of consistent dependable access to sufficient safe and nutritious food required for an active healthy life

GMO’s

Genetically modified organisms living organisms, whose DNA is altered a laboratory to enhance desirable traits

Global supply chain

Refers the complex international network of suppliers, factories, warehouses, and transportation systems distribute products across the globe

Greenbelt

Policy base design designated area of open land, including parks, agriculture, or wildlands the surrounding urban center to curb urban sprawl

Green Revo

Roughly in the 1940s and 60s focused on increasing food production and developing nations through high-yield resistant seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, better irrigation and biotechnology

Intensive farming

Agricultural systems designed to max crop yield or in output per unit of land through high inputs of labor, capital, machinery and chemicals

Irrigation

The artificial application of water to land or soil to assist crop production in particularly during dry periods

Linear

Settlements built in a line, typically associated with transportation systems or physical features like a river or coast

Long lot

Long strips of land that start at a river road or lake to provide all land owners equal access to resources and transportation (look like long strips)

Mediterranean climate

Found in Western Coast near large bars of water like Mediterranean Sea, California Chilean, parts of Australia, Australian and South America, hot summers and winters grow things like figs and olives

Meets and bounds

Based on the physical landscape directions and distances that result in irregular shaped plots, mainly found in New England and Texas

Mono culture

The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally which allows for specialization

Mixed crops/livestock systems

Commercial, agricultural crafts and livestock are raised on a farm creating a symbiotic self sustaining loop

Neolithic revolution

(First agriculture revolution around 10,000 BC) shifted from pneumatic hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture and investigation of plants and animal

Nomadic hurt

An extensive substance agricultural system were nomads move hers across dryland, moving animals seasonally

Organic farming

Sustainable non-chemical agriculture systems that produce crops in livestock without synthetic fertilizer, pesticides or GMO’s

Pastoral nomadism

Form of substance agriculture, where people rely primarily on the hurting of livestock for likelihood, moving animal seasonally

Pesticide

Chemical or biological substances used to kill controlled pest if there are an agricultural crops livestock and human health

Plantation agriculture

Form of farming located in tropical/subtropical regions, usually in Lesterville countries, large scale, labor, intensive production of a single cash crop

Ranching

Form of commercial agriculture involving extensive grazing of livestock over a large tracks of land

Rural land used patterns

The spatial organization of non-urban areas defined by how land is utilized for agricultural resources and settlement ( like intensive vs. extensive)

Rural settlement patterns

First the way people live in build communities in rural areas (linear, dispersed, clustered)

Rural survey method

Defined the boundaries of land ownership, including long Township and range and meets and bounds

Shifting cultivation

Substance farming, where you burn one part of the land to grow crops for a few years till fertility decreases, then abandoned and move to new area

Slash and burn

Vegetation is cut and burned to clear land for temporary farming results in ash, giving fertility to the land, but eventually we’ll have to abandon the land

Special crops

Fruits, veggies, nuts, dried fruits, horticulture, and horticulture cultivated for human food, medicine or aesthetic purposes high value intensive commercial usually require specific equipment

Substance agriculture

Crops and livestock are grown, mainly to feed the farmer and their family (and can also be the community may sell surplus at local markets)

Sustainability

Using earths, renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in a way that ensures resource availability for future generations

Terraces

Form of intensive substance agriculture involving creation of flat steep platforms on steep hill, sides, or mountains

Township and Range

US land service system Roland divided into 6 mi.² blocks tap ships and one mile square blocks range (made by Thomas Jefferson ensure evenly dispersed farms)

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer (Highland/Alpine) and winter (lowland/valley) pastures

Truck farming

Intensive large scale, production of perishable, fruits, veggies, and flowers to distant markets, often transported via trucks

Con thunen model

An agricultural economic theory from early 19th century explains the land use patterns by organizing farming types into rings from Central market city (first ring is market gardening and dairy then forestry and so on)