TEST 1 psyc ch 5, 10, motivation

developmental psychologists

types of psych that studies physical, cognitive and social development throughout your lifespan

cross sectional studies

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

longitudinal studies

research that retests the same people repeatedly over time

what three main issues are being explored in research?

1. Nature vs nurture

2. continuity and stages

3. stability and changes

explain the idea of continuity and stages:

scientists may see development as a biological (stages) process predisposed by genes (like going from childhood to puberty, which everyone goes trough at some point) or as a slow continous process if they emphasize learning (continuity)

what are the 3 stages theories we will consider and from whom they are?

• Cognitive development (Jean Piaget)

• Moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg)

• Psychosocial development (Erik Erikson)

stability and changes

stability: temperament is stable and may be the same throughout your entire life

change: only because we grew up in a certain way means we will be like that for the rest of our lives

1. Stage theory is supported by the cognitive, moral and psychosocial development

2. Temperament

how does a sperm attach to a egg

the sperms (way smaller than the egg) attach to it and release digestive enzyme, which will eat the protective coat of the egg and the winning sperm will become one with the egg.

fertilized eggs are also called =

zygotes

explain the prenatal development:

impacted by genes and environment (aclcohol, drugs)

fetus is responsive to sounds

what is habituation?

when we get used to something and with time we react less to it

what is maturation?

its the orderly seguence of biological growth

what is infantile amnesia?

earliest memories ar when they r 3 years old

its because babies have inmature brain regions, lack of retrieval cues and unclear of self concept

what are schemas and its two types?

schemas: organized patterns of thoughts and action, its like a guide for interaction and a mold where we pour our experiences

types: assimilation and accomodation

assimilation: incorporating new experiences into our current understanding, its like saying doggy instead of cat

accomodation: adjusting/modifying existing schem or creating a new one

Piagets 4 stages? Only list them

Sensorimoto stage

Preoperational stage

Concrete operational stage

Formal operational stage

Define the sensorimotor stage of piaget: (1 key word)

• babies acquire info by sensing and moving around

• its from birth to nearly 2 years

• object permanence: awareness that objects exist even when not perceived

define the preoperational stage of piaget:

• use words to represent schema

• engage in pretend play

• replace egocentrism with theory of mind

  • theory of mind: when they can understand others mental states and that they have their own thoughts and perspectives

define the concrete operational stage of piaget

• understand how actions can affect or transform concrete objects

• 7-12 years

• conservation: notion that properties remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

define the formal operational stage of piaget:

• reasoning ability expands to abstract thinking

• algebra, systematic reasoning

• nowdays researchers believe development is a continous process

• culture influences cognitive

difference between piaget and vygotsky research

piaget: how the childs mind grows through interaction with the physical environment

vygitsky: how the childs mind grows through interaction with the social environment

according to vygotsky, whats a scaffold

by mentoring children we give them so kind of support in their learning

by age 7, kids speak to themselves while doing things

its the mentoring or support a kid needs

explain stranger anxiety and attachment between kids and caregivers

kids dont like strangers

they are attached to their caregivers is a survival impulse, thought to be due to a need of nourishment, but not really.

explain attachment of kids and caregivers:

two reasons for attachment: body contact and familiarity.

Body contact gives comfort and a secure base, which will change from parents to peers.

Familiarity happens during the critical period (imprinting)

define avoidant and anxious attachment:

avoidant: people get discomfort in getting close to another and maintain distance

anxious: people crave acceptance but remain alert for rejection

list the 4 types of parenting styles:

Authoritarian (no exceptions)

Permissive

Neglectful

Authoritative (exceptions)

Adolscence starts with ______ ______

Myelin and glial cells ______

imaginary audience and _____ ______, which means ___________________________

sexual maturity (puberty)

increase

personal fable, which is when we think we r unique and what happens to others wont happen to us.

list the 3 types of morality:

moral reasoning

moral intuition

moral action

define moral reasoning:

the thinking that occurs when perceiving right from wrong

three stages: preconventional, conventional and postconventional. They used the example of stealing medicine

• preconventional: if you steal medicine, you go to jail (absolute morality)

• conventional: if you steal medicine, everyone will think you are a criminal (what others think)

• postconventional: saving someone is worth more than whether stealing is wrong or not (morality depends on situation)

define moral intuition:

desire to punish somepne is more of an emotinal reaction, making judgements relying in our fears.

define moral action:

moral people corrupted by a poerwful evil situation, delay gratification

erickson thought that each age/stage had an ____ to solve

issue

attachment styles reflect …..

patterns of emotions/behaviours

define anxious ambivalent and anxious avoidant

they are both insecure attachments styles

ambivalent characterized by a strong need for intimacy, high anxiety about abandonment, and inconsistent caregiving, leading to clinginess,

avoidant involves discomfort with closeness, prioritizing independence, and emotional distance due to insensitive caregiving, creating a conflict between wanting connection and fearing vulnerability. 

define intelligence:

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

who are the 5 psychologists who came up with theories:

Charles Spearman

Thurstone

Cattell-Horn-Carroll

Gardner

Robert Sternberg

What was Charless spearman ideology/theory:

he believed in the g factor (general intelligence), heart of all intelligent behaviour

factor analysis: statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related variables

What was Thurstones ideology/theory:

he thought there were 7 clusters of primary mental abilities and used multiple scales. the people who scored well in all factors showed that there is some kind of g factor acting as an umbrella.

What was Cattell-Horn-Carroll ideology/theory:

used thornstone ideology and brought it down to 2 factors: Fluid and Crystallized intelligence

Fluid: Abstract thinking, solving problems

Crystallized: accumulated knowledge

they recognized that intelligence comprises many abilities and they all live under a broader umbrella of intelligence.

What was Gardner ideology/theory:

8 relatively independent intelligence

9th intelligence: existential intelligence

what is savant syndrome:

when you have an island of brilliance but low score on intelligence score

this supports theories of multiple intelligences

What was Robert sternberg ideology/theory:

triarchic theory proposes 3 intelligences

• analytical: academic, problem solving, solve problems with one single right answer

• creative intelligence: ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas

• practical intelligence: for everyday tasks and poorly defined and have multiple solutions

talk about emotional intelligence:

it gives us 4 abilities:

• perceiving emotions

• understanding emotions

• managing emotions

• using emotions

what does an intelligence test do? what are the achievement and aptitude tests?

asseses peoples mental aptitudes and compares them using numerical scores

• achievement: reflects what you have learned

• aptitude: predict what you will be able to learn

What was Alfred Benoit ideology/theory:

he believed in the mental age: the level of performance topically associated with children of a certain chronological age

his idea for the test was to find children who need help at school and help them

What was lewis ternman ideology/theory:

intelligence quotient (IQ): fomrula for score tests

supported eugenics

What was david wechsler ideology/theory:

Wechsler adult intelligence scale

it finds similarities, vocab, block design, letter and number sequencing

What are the 3 principles an IQ test should follow:

• Standarization: defining uniform testing procedures and then comparing the test score

• Reliability: it needs to give consistent scores and have to be tested many times

• Validity: the extent to which the test actually measures or predicts what it promises

  • predictive validity: it is how well a test predicts the behaviour its supposed to preditc

What are the 2 extremes of intelligences?

Low: intellectual development disorder, apparent before 18 and due to physical causes

High: academically succesfull

in the aging and intelligence topic…

Ci (accumulated intelligence) increases with old age

Fi (solving logic problems) may decline

what is heritability:

portion of variation among individuals in a group that we can contribute to genes

it only applies to why people in a group differ from one another

fraternal twins score are more alike than ————

non twin siblings

What was carol dweck ideology/theory:

growth mindset which focuses on learning and growing

there is a _____ _____ when it comes to testing

stereotype threat

define motivation:

describes the wants and needs that direct bahviour towards a goal

define extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

intrinsic: internal factors, cuz of personal satisfaction

extrinsic: external factors, in order to receive something from others

what is the overjustification effect:

intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

• makes us being dependent on extrinsic rewards for continued performance

• verbal reinforcements may increase intrinsic motivation

William james theory: (define instincts and homoestasis)

behaviours was driven by a number of instincts which aid survival

• instincts: species specific pattern of behaviour that is not learned

• seeks for homoestasis: tendency to maintain balance within biological system

define the Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation:

deviations from homoestasis create physiological needs

• makes our behaviour do something to bring body back to homoestasis (like hunger)

what is a habit:

its a pattern of behaviour in which we regularly engage.

• it usually reduced the drive, so we will keep doing it

define the Yerkes-Dodson Law:

the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed

simple tasks are worked better when arousal levels are ______

difficult tasks are worked better when arousal level are _______

high

low

talk about the Maslow hierarchy of needs, mention the parts of the pyramid

define satiation and to what hormone is it associated:

when you are done with eating and stop eating

• leptin

what parts of the brain determine whether or not to engage with behaviour:

hypothalamus and hindbrain

what does glucose do:

keeps tabs on its available resources

if insulin increases, _______, and this converts it into _____ ___.

If glucose decreases, brain will trigger _____,

blood glucose decreases and this converts this into stored fat

hunger

what happens if the neural arc called arcuate nucleus nucleus gets destroyed?

starving animals have no interest in food

what is grehlin?

hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

when apetite increases:

grehlin: by stomach, sends hungry signals to brain

orexin: by hypothalamus

when apetite decreases:

insulin: by pancreas, controls blood glucose

leptin: protein hormone by fat cells, when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

PYY: digestive tract hormone, send the im not hungry signals to brain

what is metabollic rate:

amount of energy expended in a given period of time

what is the set-point theory:

each individual has an ideal body weight (or set point) which is resistant to change

• this doesnt take into account environmental or social factors

what is the affiliation need:

need to belong is key to human motivation

what is the self determination theory:

its a theory that strives to satisfy 3 needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness

what is ostracism:

social exclusion, it hurts as much as physical pain, used to controls social behaviour

karl pribram 4 basic human drive states

feeding, fighting, fleeing and sex

define the following terms:

• sex

• gender

• sexual orientation

• sexual fluidity

• sexual orientation concordance rate (SOCR)

• 2 intersex conditions

• sex: biological gender

• gender: psychological identity

• sexual orientation: to what u r attracted

• sexual fluidity: changing due to circumstances

• sexual orientation concordance rate (SOCR): probability tat a pair of individuals have the same sexual orientation

• 2 intersex conditions: androgen sensitivity and turners syndrome

what are the two types of validity: content and predictive validity?

content: extent test measures a particular behaviour

predictive: can a test predict a particular behaviour

what are the 3 types of reliability? split half, test retest and interjudge?

split half: internal consistency, dividing the test in 2 parts

test retest: use same test on 2 ocassions

interjudge: different scorers of same test

what is retification:

viewing an abstract thing as if it was a concrete thing

Aptitude test are _____ and necessarily ______

Valid, biased

What are cultural intelligences 4 components:

Metacognitive

Cognitive

Motivational

Behavioural

Mindsets are _________

Believes we hold

Incremental theorists believe that

Traits are changeable

what are the 4 psychological perspectives theories??

1. Instinct theory/evolutionary theory

2. Drive reduction theory

3. Arousal theory

4. Maslows hierarchy of needs

1. Talk about the instinct theory

fixed pattern of behaviour not acquired by learning (genes)

2. Drive reduction theory:

motivated to reduce drives (restores homoestasis)

aroused state related to physical need

3. Optimal arousal theory

motivated to maintain a level of arousal thats optimal

less arousal - boredom - motivation for stimulation (procastinate)

more arousal - overstimulation - motivation for calm

the Yerkes dodson law: optimal level of arousal varies with easy and difficult tasks

4. Maslow Hierarchy of needs

holistic approach, always motivated by needs

levels from bottom to top: basic needs, psychological needs, self-fullfiling needs

affiliation need?

need to build relationships

Self determination theory

humans are driven by a need to grow

what are the 3 psychological needs:

autonomy

relatedness

competence

List the appetite hormones in the groups of increase and decrease appetite:

increase appetite:

• ghrelin: by empty stomach, sends hungry signals to brain

• orexin: hunger triggering hormones by hypothalamus

decrease appetite:

• insulin: by pancreas, controls glucose

• leptin: by fat cells, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

• PYY: digestive tract hormone, send im not hungry signals to brain

talk about glucose:

form of sugar circulating the blood

• source of energy for body tissues

• level low- hungry