BIO 102 Unit 4 Review for Finals

Photosynthesis

Process by which cells use light energy and CO2 to make sugars

autotrophs

organisms that generate food by themselves

heterotrophs

organisms that depend on molecules made by autotrophs to sustain life

Basic Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Basic Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

phototrophs

organisms that carry out photosynthesis

grana (plural granum)

stack of phylakoids in the chloroplasts

thylakoid

site of photosynthesis, disc inside the chloroplast that has chlorophyll

light dependent reactions

on the thylakoid membrane, light and water fuel the creation of ATP, NADPH and Oxygen

light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH made from the light dependent reactions are combined with CO2 and H2O to make sugar and oxygen

Calvin CycleE

Electron Transport Chain

use of photosystems and sunlight to drive electron transfer and create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient driving the creation of ATP and NADPH

Cyctochrome b6f complex

uses the transfer of electrons from PS II to I to drive pumping hydrogen ions into the stroma

plastoquinone

transfers electrons from photosystem II to cytochrome b6f

plastocyanin

transfers electrons from cyctochrome b6f to PS I

ferredoxin

carries the electron to FNR, where it reaches its last electron acceptor, NADPH

ATP synthase

enzyme, the diffusion of protons across a membrane turns a rotor which synthesizes ADP into ATP

Inputs of Calvin Cycle

3 CO2, 9ATP, 6 NADPH

Outputs of Calvin cycle

1 G3P, 9 ADP, 9 P, 6 NADP+, 6 H+

Three Stages of Cellular Respiration

Breakdown of Complex Molecules into Subunits

Breakdown of Subunits into Acetyl CoA

Complete Oxidation of Acetyl CoA into Water and CO2`

Fermentation

Conversion of NAD+ back into NADH through the production of either ethanol or lactatic acid, generating a small amount of ATP in oxygen deprivation

Inputs of Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl CoA, 3 H2O, 3NAD+, GDP, FAD

Outputs of Citric Acid Cycle

3 HS-CoA, 3 NADH, FADH2, GTP

Gluconeogenesis

glucose levels get depleted, cells signaled to make glucose from pyruvate and essentially reverse glycolysis

Chemiosmotic Coupling

diffusion of protons through ATP synthase makes the production of ATP from ADP favorable

DNP

banned extreme weight loss drug that that picks up protons and diffuses them across the membrane bypassing ATP synthase

uncoupler

a class of molecules that disrupt the electron transport chain

anaerobic respiration

very similar to aerobic respiration, but uses different less efficient final electron acceptor to allow respiration in the lack of oxygen

Thiomargarita Namibiensis

giant bacterium that from Namibian shelf that uses sulfide as the electron donor and nitrate as the final acceptor