W.2.1- Vertebral column musculature

W.2.1

Erector Spinae

Muscle group responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column. Includes Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis.

Transversospinales

Muscle group responsible for stabilization and movements of the spine. Includes Semispinalis, Multifidus, and Rotatores.

Rectus Abdominis

Muscle that aids in trunk flexion and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

External Oblique

Superficial anterolateral muscle that assists in lumbar flexion.

Internal Oblique

Middle layer of anterolateral abdominal muscles that contributes to abdominal pressure.

Transversus Abdominis

Deepest layer of anterolateral abdominal muscles, primarily increases intra-abdominal pressure.

Psoas

Muscle originating from lumbar transverse processes involved in hip flexion and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.

Quadratus Lumborum

Muscle that aids in lateral flexion and stabilization of the pelvis.

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscle responsible for neck flexion and rotation; has origins at the sternum and clavicle.

Trapezius

Superficial posterior cervical muscle responsible for neck extension and lateral flexion.

Splenius

Muscle group including Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis, involved in neck extension and ipsilateral rotation.

Iliocostalis

Lateral component of the erector spinae muscle group.

Longissimus

Middle component of the erector spinae muscle group.

Spinalis

Medial component of the erector spinae muscle group.

Thoracolumbar fascia

Layer of connective tissue that covers back muscles and separates upper limb muscles from back muscles.

Bilateral Contractions

Movements where both sides work together, facilitating motions like nodding the head.

Unilateral Contractions

Movements where one side works alone, such as tilting the head to one side.

Ipsilateral Movements

Same side body movement, such as tilting the head and raising the same shoulder.

Contralateral Movements

Opposite side body movement, like turning the head while looking down with the opposite shoulder.

Origin

Typically refers to the inferior attachment point of a muscle.

Insertion

The point where a muscle attaches to the bone that it moves.

Posterior Primary Rami

Divisions of spinal nerves that supply structures of the back.

Anterior Primary Rami

Divisions of spinal nerves that supply all somatic structures except for those in the back.

Aponeuroses

Flattened tendon-like structures that attach muscles to bones or other muscles.

Muscle Actions

The actions produced by muscles, classified into unilateral and bilateral movements.

Muscle Innervation

The distribution of nerves supplying individual muscles.

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Nerve primarily responsible for motor innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Cervical Plexus

Nerve network formed by the ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves, providing sensory innervation to neck muscles.

Sagittal Plane Movements

Movements such as flexion and extension that occur in the anterior-posterior direction.

Coronal Plane Movements

Movements such as abduction and adduction that occur in the lateral direction.

Transverse Plane Movements

Rotational movements that occur parallel to the ground.

Psoas Actions

Involved in hip flexion and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.

Quadratus Lumborum Actions

Aids in lateral flexion and stabilization of the lumbar spine.

Sub-occipital Muscles

Muscles that control movements at the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints.

Longus Capitis

Muscle that assists in flexing the head and neck, stabilizing the cervical spine.

Longus Colli

Muscle that stabilizes the cervical spine and assists in neck flexion.

Semispinalis Muscle

Component of the transversospinales that spans 6-10 vertebrae and aids rotation and extension.

Multifidus Muscle

Component of the transversospinales that serves to stabilize the spine.

Rotatores Muscle

Small muscles that span 1-2 vertebrae and contribute to spinal rotation.

Serratus Posterior Superior

Intermediate extrinsic muscle assisting in respiratory action.

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Intermediate extrinsic muscle aiding in respiration.

Flexion (In neck)

Movement that decreases the angle between the head and torso.

Extension (In neck)

Movement that increases the angle between the head and torso.

Lateral Flexion (In neck)

Tilting the head to the side.

Rotation (In neck)

Turning the head to face different directions.

Rectus Sheath

Fascia enclosing the rectus abdominis muscle.

Function of Abdominal Muscles

Support and stabilize the trunk during movement and aid in respiration.

Gliding Movements

Movements permitted at synovial joints assisting in trunk mobility.

Condylar Joint

Type of joint allowing for flexion, extension and slight lateral movements.

Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints

Synovial joints contributing to the movement of the thoracic cage.

Stabilization of Pelvis

Maintaining pelvis alignment during movement.