Cells and Cell transport

Chromatin

DNA and histone proteins; thin DNA

Nucleosomes

coiled bunched of DNA and histones

Free Ribosomes

make proteins for cytosol

Bound Ribosomes

make proteins for membranes, inclusion in cell or export (common in cells like those of the pancreas)

easier to ship

If it's attached to the ER then it's ______

hollow

__________ protein goes to ER

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of poisons, production of sex hormones, storage of Ca ions (important in muscles)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus

molecular identification tags aid in sorting products

Cis face

receiving, located near ER

Trans face

produces vesicles for distribution

Lysosomes

destructive
sac of hydrolyticenzymes
works by phagocytosis

Autophagy

break downs the cell's organic material for reuse

frog tails and people's finger webs

examples of lysosomes aiding in development

Pompe's disease

absence of lysosomal enzymes which allows for accumulation of glycogen thereby damaging the liver

Tay-Sach's disease

lipid digesting enzyme is missing/inactive, lipids accumulate in brain

Food vacuoles

formed by phagocytosis

Contractile vacuole

pump out excess water

Central vacuole

stores various materials

Tonoplast

Membrane surrounding central vacuole

Peroxisomes

break down substances and produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct, common in liver and photosynthetic plants

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

endosymbiotic hypothesis
use proton gradient to supply energy

Microtubules

hollow rods of tubulin

Centriole

(inside centrosome) 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

Cilia and flagella

9 doublets of microtubules arranged in a ring, and 2 at the center (9+2) anchored by a basal body

Microtubules organizing center (MTOC)

Centriole + basal body =

Intermediate filaments

reinforce cell shape

Microfilaments

solid rods, built from actin

Muscle contraction, movement of pseudopodia

what are microfilaments used for?

Cellulose

what are plant cell walls made of?

Chitin

what are fungus cell walls made of?

peptidoglycan/lipopolysaccharide

what are protist and bacteria cell walls made of?

Primary cell wall

thin and flexible

Middle lamellae

between primary walls of adjacent cells, glues cells together

Secondary wall

between plasma membrane and primary wall

Glycocalyx

some animals cells, strengthens cells surface, glues cells together

inter-

between

intra-

within

Plasmodesmata

channels through which cytoplasm connect living contents of adjacent cells (plants)

Tight junctions

prevents leakage of material between cells (animal)

Desmosomes

fasten cells together

Gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

phospolipid bilayer

plasma membrane model

glycerol and fatty acids

what is the membrane made out of

Amphipathic

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

amphi-

2 or both

singer and nicholson

who made the 1972 fluid mosaic model

Fluid mosaic model

remains fluid until crit. temp. at which soldifies

greater, lower

____ __the number of lipids, the__ ______ the temperature at which it stays fluid

it dies

what happens if too long?

transport proteins

some have a channel/corridor; some bind passengers and physically move them across

Aquaporins

move water across

Carrier proteins

change shape with substance

Peripheral proteins

appendages at surface (markers)

identify type of cell, and identify who the cell belongs to

what do the markers do?

Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Passive transport

greater, lesser

Molecules move from ____ __to__ ______ concentration

gas, water, alcohol, ether

fastest rate of diffusion

monosacchairides, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol

fast rate of diffusion

disaccharides, ions

very slow rate of diffusion

polysaccharides, proteins, lipids

no rate of diffusion

passive transport

is osmosis/osmoregulation passive or active transport?

osmosis, water, selectively permeable membrane

movement of _____ from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration through a _____ ________ ________

Isotonic

equal concentrations on either side; always in relation to dissolved substances; still movement but it gets cancelled out

Hypertonic (hypersmotic)

greater concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell (water moves out)

Hypotonic (hypoosmotic)

greater concentration of dissolves substances inside the cell (water moves in)

Lyse

animal cell hypotonic

turger pressure/turgid

plant cell hypotonic

hypotonic turger pressure

what solution do plant cells prefer to be in?

normal (preferred)

animal cell isotonic

flaccid

plant cell isotonic

crenate

animal cell hypertonic

plasmolysis

plant cell hypertonic

Facilitated Diffusion

diffusion with the help of proteins

Aquaporins

move water across the cell membrane

Ion channels (gated channels)

stimulus cause them to open which may be electrical or chemical

Active transport

against the concentration gradient

true

\[t/f\] active transport uses energy

sodium potassium pump and electrochemical gradient

examples of active transport

Exocytosis

secretion of macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane

Endocytosis

taking in of macromolecules by forming vesicles

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

nonspecific endocytosiss

receptor mediated

specific endocytosis

phagocytosis

ingestion of bacteria

pinocytosis

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

receptor mediated endocytosis

a means to import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid