Biology test 9.15

Cell Membrane

a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all living cells, separating the inside of the cell from the outside environment

Cell Wall

a tough, protective outer layer that sits immediately outside the cell membrane in plants, fungi, algae, and most bacteria

Chloroplast

a specialized cell organelle in plants and algae that turns sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Cytoplasm

gel-like fluid inside a cell that holds the organelles and supports vital chemical reactions

Cytoskeleton

a dynamic network of protein fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and gives a cell its shape, internal organization, and mechanical support

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

a large, continuous network of membranes forming flattened sacs and tubes inside eukaryotic cells that processes proteins and makes lipids

Eukaryotic Cell

Existed AFTER the Nucleus

Prokaryotic Cell

existed BEFORE the nucleus

Flagellum

a long, whip-like appendage that helps microscopic cells and organisms move through liquid

Golgi body (apparatus)

a membrane-bound cell organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to different destinations inside or outside the cell

Lysosome

a small, membrane-bound sac inside animal and some plant cells that acts as the cell's primary digestive and recycling center (uses enzymes)

Mitochondria

a eukaryotic organelle that converts food energy to ATP

Nucleoid region

a region of the prokaryotic cell where DNA is located.

Nucleolus region

…of the nucleus where ribosomes are made

Nucleus

a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that stores genetic material (DNA) and directs cellular activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Organelle

a tiny, specialized structure inside a biological cell that performs a specific job, much like an organ does in the human body.

Ribosome

a microscopic cellular structure made of ribosomal RNA and proteins that acts as the site of protein synthesis in all living cells

Vacuole

organelle that is used to store materials such as water, food or enzyme

SMOOTH Endoplasmic reticulum

a membrane-bound organelle found in both plant and animal cells that lacks ribosomes and is primarily responsible for synthesizing lipids, processing toxins, and regulating calcium

ROUGH Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs within eukaryotic cells that is studded with ribosomes and plays a central role in protein synthesis