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Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Californios

Descendants of Spanish and Mexican settlers; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

"Fifty-four forty or fight" (1846)

Slogan adopted by mid-nineteenth century expansionists who advocated the occupation of Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the United States. Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54° 40', he settled on the forty-ninth parallel as a compromise with the British.

Gasden Purchase

Gave the United States parts of present-day New Mexico and Arizona in exchange for $10 million.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Nativist Movement

Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party)

Know-Nothings and the American Party

Nativism- opposed immigration; aided in the collapse of the second-party system

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

"Dred Scott v Sanford" Case

Court ruled that Scott was the property of Sanford and, as a slave, was prohibited from suing in court. Chief Justice Taney gives his opinion that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Decision adds to sectionalism between North and South that will lead to the Civil War.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Free Soil Party (1848)

This party was formed on a platform favoring the Wilmot Proviso and free land for settlers. They were a group of moderate abolitionists. They did not oppose slavery in the South, but opposed the expansion of slavery into the new territories. The Republican Party was formed from this idea.

Slave Power Conspiracy

the idea that the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south, and the only solution was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic ideals to all sections of the country.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced the North and England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition.

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Fire-eaters, 1850-1861

Southern proslavery extremists who wanted secession from the Union. Fire-eaters organized secession conventions in several southern states in 1850 but backed down because of a lack of support and the promise of moderate southern backing for secession if Congress tried to outlaw slavery in the future.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

George McClellan

union general, 1st commander, overly cautious, fired by Lincoln, ran as the Democrat candidate against Lincoln in his 2nd presidential Election

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Enrollment Act of 1863

a controversial act passed to provide new recruits to the Union Army. It was very controversial and required the enrollment of every male citizen and those immigrants who had filed for citizenship between 20-45.

writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.- Lincoln famously suspended this against Confederate sympathizers during the Civil War

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

African American unit in the Union Army that fought to defend Fort Wagner

Sherman's March to the Sea

*General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union troops through Georgia

*The purpose of destroying Atlanta was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Civil War Amendments

1865-1870

*13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery in the United States

*14th Amendment (1868): African Americans became citizens and no state could deny life, liberty, or property without due process of the law

*15th Amendment (1870): No state could deny the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Southern Redeemers

Supported states and white supremecy. Used Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, and property qualifications to regain control of the south.

Radical Republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

Slaughterhouse Cases

A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.

Panic of 1873 ; Depression

Banks closed, farm prices plummeted, one of the four railroads failed all all was due to the repayment of the federal debt

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

Syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

Wonded Knee Massacre

US soldiers killed 200 Sioux Indians including women and children

Lousiana Purchase

the territory, including the region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, that the United States purchased from France in 1803

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Domestic Slave Trade

the trade of enslaved people among states of the US

Abolitionist Movement

the movement concentrated on ending slavery i

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, Rairroads), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Mculloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

The American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

David Walker's Appeal

a free black from Boston who published his Appeal in 1829, advocating a black rebellion to crush slavery. The purpose of Walker's Appeal was to remind his people that they were Americans and should be treated fairly.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

South Caroline Ordinance of Nullification

will ignore tariffs - S. Carolina threatens to leave

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants.

Religious movement that led to social reforms

James Polk (1845-1849)

During his presidency: Lowers Tariff, Independent Treasury,Oregon Territory, Mexican War -> Acquires CA

American Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Cult of Domesticity

This idea refers to the idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers. The concept of republican motherhood suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic.

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Hartford Convention

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe. As a result of the war between England and Napoleon's France, America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Jeffersonian Republicans

people who opposed Federalists way of government, typically southerners

Nationalist Republicans

nationalists.supporters of John Quincy Adams

modeled after federalists

want close-knit nation

opposed the Democratic republicans

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

First Party System

A term that defines the period of time when the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans competed for the presidency. It was ended with the Era of Good Feelings.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Commonwealth System

The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.

Manumission Laws

In 1782, the Virginia assembly passed a manumission act, which allowed individual owners to free their slaves; and within a decade, planters had released ten thousand slaves.

Cotton Boom

time period when cotton replaced tobacco as cash crop, cotton was the "King Crash Crop"

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

John Quincy Adams Presidency

As president, Adams called for bold national action. Adams called for the establishment of a national university in Washington, scientific explorations in the far west and a uniform standard of weights and measures. Most important, he endorsed Henry Clay's American System and it's three key elements: protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing, federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce, and a national bank to control credit and provide a uniform currency.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Important parts:

-Republican

-Marbury vs Madison, 1803

-Louisiana Purchase, 1803