Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycolysis

Flashcards about carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often releasing energy.

Biosynthesis

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Glycolysis

A series of reactions that break down glucose into pyruvate, generating energy.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Carbohydrate Catabolism - Stage One

The breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars using enzymes from saliva and the pancreas.

Anaerobic Fermentation

A condition where energy is generated from glucose in the absence of oxygen.

Hexokinase

The enzyme involved in the first step of glycolysis, adding a phosphate group to glucose.

Glucose-6-Phosphate

The product of the first step of glycolysis, important as a branch point for other pathways.

Isomerase

Enzymes that rearrange bonds within a molecule, like in the second step of glycolysis.

Irreversible reactions in Glycolysis (steps 1, 3, and 10)

Key regulatory steps in glycolysis, reactions that are irreversible chemical reactions.

Phosphofructokinase

Inhibited by ATP, stimulated by fructose-6-phosphate, regulates step 3 of glycolysis.

Gluconeogenesis

These regulate blood glucose concentration alongside glycolysis.

Lactate Formation

The formation of lactate from pyruvate when molecular oxygen concentrations drop.

Sorbitol Pathway

An alternate pathway in carbohydrate metabolism that results in the formation of fructose from glucose.