Patho blueprint

Na+/K+ Pump

An essential membrane protein that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, maintaining cell volume and function.

Lysosomes

Organelles responsible for digestion and breakdown of cell debris and foreign materials, playing a role in diseases like lysosomal storage disorders.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA sequences into polypeptide chains.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy through aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, with dysfunction linked to various diseases.

Atrophy

Reduction in cell size due to decreased workload or inadequate nutrition.

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size due to increased workload or stimulation, often seen in muscle cells.

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number due to increased demand or hormonal stimulation, such as in the endometrial lining.

Metaplasia

Reversible transformation of one differentiated cell type into another in response to chronic irritation.

Dysplasia

Abnormal growth and disordered arrangement of cells, often a precursor to cancer.

Neoplasia

Uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth leading to tumor formation, which can be benign or malignant.

Endothelial Injury

Damage to the inner lining of blood vessels that can lead to atherosclerosis and vascular diseases.

Apoptosis

A regulated process of programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without inflammation.

Necrosis

Unregulated cell death due to injury, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.

Ischemia

Insufficient blood flow to a tissue, leading to oxygen deprivation and potential cell death.

Infarction

Tissue death caused by prolonged ischemia, commonly seen in heart attacks.

Gangrene

Large-scale tissue necrosis due to severe ischemia or infection, which can be dry or wet.

Genes

Units of heredity made up of DNA that code for proteins.

Mutations

Permanent changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to diseases.

Heterozygous

Possessing two different alleles for a gene.

Homozygous

Possessing two identical alleles for a gene.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual.

Carrier

An individual with one copy of a recessive allele who does not express the trait.

Autosomal Inheritance

Inheritance patterns for genes located on non-sex chromosomes.

Marfan’s Syndrome

An autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by tall stature and cardiovascular issues.

Cystic Fibrosis

A recessive genetic disorder affecting the respiratory and digestive systems, requiring two copies of the mutated gene.

Tay-Sachs Disease

A recessive disorder leading to nerve cell destruction, characterized by loss of motor skills and cognitive decline.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in males with an extra X chromosome, leading to infertility and reduced testosterone levels.

Turner’s Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females with only one X chromosome, resulting in various developmental issues.

Down Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to intellectual disability and distinctive features.

Selye’s Stress Stages

The three stages of stress response:alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Allostatic Overload

The cumulative burden of chronic stress leading to health issues.

Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise

Regular exercise strengthens the heart and improves circulation.

Fluid Volume Deficit

A condition where fluid output exceeds intake, leading to dehydration.

Fluid Volume Excess

A condition where fluid intake exceeds output, leading to overhydration and edema.

Respiratory Acidosis

A condition caused by hypoventilation leading to CO2 retention and decreased pH.

Metabolic Acidosis

A condition caused by an accumulation of acids or loss of bicarbonate, resulting in decreased pH.

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

The primary buffer system in the body that maintains blood pH.

Renal Compensation

The kidneys' ability to regulate acid-base balance by excreting or reabsorbing H+ and HCO3-.

Decreased Cardiac Output

A cardiovascular change in aging due to stiffening of the heart muscle.

Urinary Incontinence

A genitourinary change in aging caused by weakened bladder muscles.

BMI Ranges